Do the Ends Justify the Means? Do the Means Justify the Ends? What was so Bad about the Tower?

וַיְהִי כָל הָאָרֶץ שָׂפָה אֶחָת וּדְבָרִים אֲחָדִים. וַיְהִי בְּנָסְעָם מִקֶּדֶם וַיִּמְצְאוּ בִקְעָה בְּאֶרֶץ שִׁנְעָר וַיֵּשְׁבוּ שָׁם. וַיֹּאמְרוּ אִישׁ אֶל רֵעֵהוּ הָבָה נִלְבְּנָה לְבֵנִים וְנִשְׂרְפָה לִשְׂרֵפָה וַתְּהִי לָהֶם הַלְּבֵנָה לְאָבֶן וְהַחֵמָר הָיָה לָהֶם לַחֹמֶר. וַיֹּאמְרוּ הָבָה נִבְנֶה לָּנוּ עִיר וּמִגְדָּל וְרֹאשׁוֹ בַשָּׁמַיִם וְנַעֲשֶׂה לָּנוּ שֵׁם פֶּן נָפוּץ עַל פְּנֵי כָל הָאָרֶץ. וַיֵּרֶד יי לִרְאֹת אֶת הָעִיר וְאֶת הַמִּגְדָּל אֲשֶׁר בָּנוּ בְּנֵי הָאָדָם. וַיֹּאמֶר יי הֵן עַם אֶחָד וְשָׂפָה אַחַת לְכֻלָּם וְזֶה הַחִלָּם לַעֲשׂוֹת וְעַתָּה לֹא יִבָּצֵר מֵהֶם כֹּל אֲשֶׁר יָזְמוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת. הָבָה נֵרְדָה וְנָבְלָה שָׁם שְׂפָתָם אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִשְׁמְעוּ אִישׁ שְׂפַת רֵעֵהוּ. וַיָּפֶץ יי אֹתָם מִשָּׁם עַל פְּנֵי כָל הָאָרֶץ וַיַּחְדְּלוּ לִבְנֹת הָעִיר. עַל כֵּן קָרָא שְׁמָהּ בָּבֶל כִּי שָׁם בָּלַל יי שְׂפַת כָּל הָאָרֶץ וּמִשָּׁם הֱפִיצָם יי עַל פְּנֵי כָּל הָאָרֶץ.

And the whole earth was of one language and of one speech. And it came to pass, as they journeyed east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelled there. And they said one to another: ‘Come, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly.’ And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for mortar. And they said: ‘Come, let us build us a city, and a tower, with its top in heaven, and let us make us a name; or else we will be scattered across the face of the whole earth.’ And Adonai came down to see the city and the tower, which the people built. And Adonai said: ‘Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language; and this is what they begin to do; and now nothing will be withheld from them, whatever they want to do. Come, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand each other's speech.’ So Adonai scattered them abroad from upon the face of all the earth; and they left off to build the city. Therefore was the name of it called Babel; because that is where Adonai confounded the language of all the earth; and from there Adonai scattered them across the face of all the earth.

(ז) ויהי בנסעם מקדם ... אמר רבי אלעזר ב"ר שמעון: הסיעו עצמן מקדמונו של עולם...

As they journeyed east: Rabbi Elazer b. Rabbi Shimon said: They journeyed from kedem, ​they took themselves away from the first of the world.

They divorced themselves from the first of the world: i.e. from the pristine order of the world, from being content with the essential natural products of the universe and went after vanity, in seeking artificial things to satisfy their craving for luxuries. This diverted all of them from knowing Divine truths. The text was accordingly expounded to imply they journeyed away from the Eternal.
-Abravanel on Genesis 11:2
There were no stones there to build the city and the tower. What did they do? They made bricks and burned them, like the works of a magician--until they built a height of seven stories high. The bricks were hauled up from one side, and the descent was on the other. If a man fell down and died, no attention was paid to him. But if one brick fell down, they would sit and weep and say: Woe betide us, when will another one be hauled up in its place.
-Pirke D'Rabbi Eliezer, 24
Benno Jacob in his commentary to Genesis points out that the Torah demonstrates to us in this verse how technical advances freed man from the fetters of his natural environment, enabled him to overcome natural difficulties. Through his inventive genius, man manages even in a lowland region, in a plain where there is no natural building material such as stone, to create artificially the brick made from the clay which is available in the valley, and turn it into a good strong building material through burning.
- Nechama Leibowitz, New Studies in Bereshit, p.102
And all the land was one speech and few words: The sin of the generation of Babel was similar to that of Adam and Cain and his descendants. With the increase of creature comforts and leisure time, they became dissatisfied with the natural bounty provided by God and became interested in improving human techniques, in building cities, in leaving their agricultural life and becoming urbanized, and developing a highly organized political and social life, imagining this was the goal of mankind, with all the offices, prestige, acquisition of wealth, violence, robbery, and bloodshed that they, of necessity, involved...
-Abravanel on Genesis 11:1
That generation, being united by one common language and sharing the same ideas became unanimously convinced that the aim of their existence was a political society. Their sin was not in trying to achieve this but in regarding it as an end in itself rather than as a means to a still greater end--spiritual wellbeing.
-Akedat Yitzchak