Tzelem Elohim
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Share(כד) וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹקִ֗ים תּוֹצֵ֨א הָאָ֜רֶץ נֶ֤פֶשׁ חַיָּה֙ לְמִינָ֔הּ בְּהֵמָ֥ה וָרֶ֛מֶשׂ וְחַֽיְתוֹ־אֶ֖רֶץ לְמִינָ֑הּ וַֽיְהִי־כֵֽן׃ (כה) וַיַּ֣עַשׂ אֱלֹקִים֩ אֶת־חַיַּ֨ת הָאָ֜רֶץ לְמִינָ֗הּ וְאֶת־הַבְּהֵמָה֙ לְמִינָ֔הּ וְאֵ֛ת כָּל־רֶ֥מֶשׂ הָֽאֲדָמָ֖ה לְמִינֵ֑הוּ וַיַּ֥רְא אֱלֹקִ֖ים כִּי־טֽוֹב׃ (כו) וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹקִ֔ים נַֽעֲשֶׂ֥ה אָדָ֛ם בְּצַלְמֵ֖נוּ כִּדְמוּתֵ֑נוּ וְיִרְדּוּ֩ בִדְגַ֨ת הַיָּ֜ם וּבְע֣וֹף הַשָּׁמַ֗יִם וּבַבְּהֵמָה֙ וּבְכָל־הָאָ֔רֶץ וּבְכָל־הָרֶ֖מֶשׂ הָֽרֹמֵ֥שׂ עַל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃ (כז) וַיִּבְרָ֨א אֱלֹקִ֤ים ׀ אֶת־הָֽאָדָם֙ בְּצַלְמ֔וֹ בְּצֶ֥לֶם אֱלֹקִ֖ים בָּרָ֣א אֹת֑וֹ זָכָ֥ר וּנְקֵבָ֖ה בָּרָ֥א אֹתָֽם׃ (כח) וַיְבָ֣רֶךְ אֹתָם֮ אֱלֹקִים֒ וַיֹּ֨אמֶר לָהֶ֜ם אֱלֹקִ֗ים פְּר֥וּ וּרְב֛וּ וּמִלְא֥וּ אֶת־הָאָ֖רֶץ וְכִבְשֻׁ֑הָ וּרְד֞וּ בִּדְגַ֤ת הַיָּם֙ וּבְע֣וֹף הַשָּׁמַ֔יִם וּבְכָל־חַיָּ֖ה הָֽרֹמֶ֥שֶׂת עַל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃ (כט) וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹקִ֗ים הִנֵּה֩ נָתַ֨תִּי לָכֶ֜ם אֶת־כָּל־עֵ֣שֶׂב ׀ זֹרֵ֣עַ זֶ֗רַע אֲשֶׁר֙ עַל־פְּנֵ֣י כָל־הָאָ֔רֶץ וְאֶת־כָּל־הָעֵ֛ץ אֲשֶׁר־בּ֥וֹ פְרִי־עֵ֖ץ זֹרֵ֣עַ זָ֑רַע לָכֶ֥ם יִֽהְיֶ֖ה לְאָכְלָֽה׃ (ל) וּֽלְכָל־חַיַּ֣ת הָ֠אָרֶץ וּלְכָל־ע֨וֹף הַשָּׁמַ֜יִם וּלְכֹ֣ל ׀ רוֹמֵ֣שׂ עַל־הָאָ֗רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־בּוֹ֙ נֶ֣פֶשׁ חַיָּ֔ה אֶת־כָּל־יֶ֥רֶק עֵ֖שֶׂב לְאָכְלָ֑ה וַֽיְהִי־כֵֽן׃ (לא) וַיַּ֤רְא אֱלֹקִים֙ אֶת־כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשָׂ֔ה וְהִנֵּה־ט֖וֹב מְאֹ֑ד וַֽיְהִי־עֶ֥רֶב וַֽיְהִי־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם הַשִּׁשִּֽׁי׃ (פ)
(24) God said, “Let the earth bring forth every kind of living creature: cattle, creeping things, and wild beasts of every kind.” And it was so. (25) God made wild beasts of every kind and cattle of every kind, and all kinds of creeping things of the earth. And God saw that this was good. (26) And God said, “Let us make man in our image, after our likeness. They shall rule the fish of the sea, the birds of the sky, the cattle, the whole earth, and all the creeping things that creep on earth.” (27) And God created man in His image, in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them. (28) God blessed them and God said to them, “Be fertile and increase, fill the earth and master it; and rule the fish of the sea, the birds of the sky, and all the living things that creep on earth.” (29) God said, “See, I give you every seed-bearing plant that is upon all the earth, and every tree that has seed-bearing fruit; they shall be yours for food. (30) And to all the animals on land, to all the birds of the sky, and to everything that creeps on earth, in which there is the breath of life, [I give] all the green plants for food.” And it was so. (31) And God saw all that He had made, and found it very good. And there was evening and there was morning, the sixth day.
(א) נסה את אברהם כיון שיהיה בפעל אוהב וירא כמו שהיה בכח ובזה ידמה יותר לבוראו שהוא טוב לעולם בפועל כי אמנם הכונה במציא' האדם היתה שידמה לבוראו כפי האפשר כאשר העיד באמרו נעשה אדם בצלמנו כדמותנו:
(1) נסה את אברהם, to demonstrate that Avraham’s love for G’d as well as his fear of G’d was not merely potential but actual, much as G’d goodness is not merely potential but actual. The purpose of man’s existence is to emulate the virtues of G’d, and by means of this “test” Avraham had an opportunity to demonstrate this. When G’d created man He had set Himself the objective of “let us make man in Our image etc.,” i.e. as much like Divine beings as is it possible for a creature to be . (Genesis 1,26)
(ה) והיה תמים וקנה השלימות האפשר למין האנושי השכל וידוע אותי בידיעת דרכי ובהדמותך אלי כפי האפשר אצלך כי אמנם פעולת כל נמצא תורה על צורתו כאמרו הודיעני נא את דרכיך ואדעך וזה הוא השלמות האחרון למין האנושי והמכוון מאת האל ית' בבריאה כאמרו נעשה אדם בצלמנו כדמותנו:
(5) והיה תמים, "acquire the maximum degree of perfection human being are capable of attaining. Be intelligent so that you can acquire more intimate knowledge of Me through recognising the way I operate in the universe. As a result you will be emulate My attributes to the degree that this is possible for humans." The deeds of man reflect his having emulated G'd when he tried to do so. This is what Moses had in mind when he asked G'd: הודיעני נא את דרכיך ואדעך, "make know to me Your ways so that by this means I will get to know You." (Exodus 33,13) This is the ultimate perfection that the human species is able to achieve. This was G'd's objective for man when He created him, when he added the word בצלמנו, "in our image," when announcing that He was about to create man with the words נעשה אדם בצלמנו כדמותנו, "let us make man in our image" (Genesis 1,26).
(ב) כי בצלם אלקים וטעם היות דם האדם נדרש ולא אדרוש דם שאר בעלי חיים. כי בצלם אלקים עשה בצלם העצמים הנבדלים הנקראים אלקים עשה איזה מהם את האדם כי אמנם מאז שאמר האל ית' נעשה אדם נתן כח בעצמים הנבדלים או באחד מהם להשפיע כח שכלי על כל נושא מוכן והוא כל אחד מהמין האנושי ובהיות האדם בצלם אלקים אשר הוא נפשו האנושית אשר בה הוא חי משכיל ראוי שיהיה דמו ונפשו החיונית המשרתים לזה הצלם נחשבים ונדרשים מיד מאבדיהם יותר מחיי כל שאר בעלי חיים:
(2) כי בצלם אלוקים, this is the reason why G’d exacts retribution for killing human beings, whereas He does not exact retribution from man for killing animals, [even though killing, say for sport is prohibited. Ed.] The animals have not been created in the image of G’d, so that their death does not deprive the earth of a divine image. Only human beings are described in the Torah, on occasion, also as אלוהים, as for instance in Exodus 22,8.
את האדם, from the moment G’d had said (Genesis 1,26) נעשה אדם, “let us make a human being,” He had endowed His creatures with an independent intelligence, able to defy Him either collectively or individually. It is this “divine attribute” of man that makes him sufficiently important for his Creator to demand an accounting from those who destroy that divine image by killing a human being.
את האדם, from the moment G’d had said (Genesis 1,26) נעשה אדם, “let us make a human being,” He had endowed His creatures with an independent intelligence, able to defy Him either collectively or individually. It is this “divine attribute” of man that makes him sufficiently important for his Creator to demand an accounting from those who destroy that divine image by killing a human being.
(א) תוצא הארץ. הוּא שֶׁפֵּרַשְׁתִּי שֶׁהַכֹּל נִבְרָא מִיּוֹם רִאשׁוֹן, וְלֹא הֻצְרְכוּ אֶלָּא לְהוֹצִיאָם:
(1) תוצא הארץ THE EARTH SHALL BRING FORTH — That is what I have explained (v. 14) that all things were created on the first day, and it was only necessary to bring them forth from the ground.
(ב) נפש חיה. שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ חַיּוּת:
(2) נפש חיה — that have vitality.
(ג) ורמש. הֵם שְׁרָצִים, שֶׁהֵם נְמוּכִים וְרוֹמְשִׂים עַל הָאָרֶץ וְנִרְאִים כְּאִלּוּ נִגְרָרִים שֶׁאֵין הִלוּכָן נִכָּר. כָּל לְשׁוֹן רֶמֶשׂ וְשֶׁרֶץ בִּלְשׁוֹנֵנוּ קונמו"בריש בלע"ז:
(3) ורמש — It means creeping swarms that creep low upon the ground; they appear as though they are dragged along, for how they move is not discernible. What we call רמש and שרץ in our (Hebrew) language, they call in old French mouvoir; English to move.
(א) ויעש. תִּקְּנָם בְּצִבְיוֹנָם וּבְקוֹמָתָן:
(1) ויעש AND HE MADE — He formed them with their full volition and in their full stature (Chullin 60a).
(א) נעשה אדם. עַנְוְתָנוּתוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּבָּ"ה לָמַדְנוּ מִכָּאן, לְפִי שֶׁאָדָם הוּא בִּדְמוּת הַמַּלְאָכִים וְיִתְקַנְּאוּ בוֹ, לְפִיכָךְ נִמְלַךְ בָּהֶם, וּכְשֶׁהוּא דָן אֶת הַמְּלָכִים הוּא נִמְלָךְ בְּפָמַלְיָא שֶׁלּוֹ, שֶׁכֵּן מָצִינוּ בְאַחְאָב, שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ מִיכָה רָאִיתִי אֶת יי יֹשֵׁב עַל כִּסְאוֹ וְכָל צְבָא הַשָּׁמַיִם עוֹמְדִים עָלָיו מִימִינוֹ וּמִשְּׂמֹאלוֹ (מלכים א כ"ב), וְכִי יֵש יָמִין וּשְׂמֹאל לְפָנָיו? אֶלָּא אֵלּוּ מַיְמִינִים לִזְכוּת וְאֵלוּ מַשְׂמְאִילִים לְחוֹבָה, וְכֵן בִּגְזֵרַת עִירִין פִּתְגָמָא וּבְמֵאמַר קַדִּישִׁין שְׁאֵלְתָא (דניאל ד'), אַף כָּאן בְּפָמַלְיָא שֶׁלוֹ נָטַל רְשׁוּת, אָמַר לָהֶם יֵשׁ בָּעֶלְיוֹנִים כִּדְמוּתִי; אִם אֵין כִּדְמוּתִי בַתַּחְתּוֹנִים הֲרֵי יֵשׁ קִנְאָה בְמַעֲשֵׂה בְרֵאשִׁית:
(1) נעשה אדם WE WILL MAKE MAN — The meekness of the Holy One, blessed be He, they (the Rabbis) learned from here: because the man is in the likeness of the angels and they might envy him, therefore He took counsel with them (Midrash Tanchuma, Shemot 18 and see Genesis Rabbah 8). And when He judges the kings He likewise consults His heavenly council, for thus we find in the case of Ahab to whom Micha said, (1 Kings 22:19) “I saw the Lord sitting on His throne, and all the host of heaven standing by Him on His right hand and on His left.” Has God, then, a right hand and a left hand? But it means that some stood on the right side to plead in favour of the accused and others stood on the left side to accuse; and similarly we read (Daniel 4:14), “the matter is by the decree of the watchers, and the sentence by the word of the holy ones”, — here, also, He consulted His heavenly council and asked permission of them, saying to them: “There are in the heavens beings after My likeness; if there will not be on earth also beings after My likeness, there will be envy among the beings that I have created” (Sanhedrin 38b).
(ב) נעשה אדם. אַעַ"פִּ שֶׁלֹּא סִיְּעוּהוּ בִיצִירָתוֹ וְיֵשׁ מָקוֹם לַמִּינִים לִרְדּוֹת, לֹא נִמְנַע הַכָּתוּב מִלְּלַמֵּד דֶרֶך אֶרֶץ וּמִדַּת עֲנָוָה שֶׁיְּהֵא הַגָּדוֹל נִמְלָךְ וְנוֹטֵל רְשׁוּת מִן הַקָּטָן; וְאִם כָּתַב אֶעֱשֶׂה אָדָם, לֹא לָמַדְנוּ שֶׁיְּהֵא מְדַבֵּר עִם בֵּית דִינוֹ, אֶלָּא עִם עַצְמוֹ, וּתְשׁוּבַת הַמִּינִים כָּתַב בְּצִדּוֹ, וַיִּבְרָא אֶת הָאָדָם, וְלֹא כָתַב וַיִּבְרְאוּ:
(2) נעשה אדם WE WILL MAKE MAN — Although they did not assist Him in forming him (the man) and although this use of the plural may give the heretics an occasion to rebel (i. e. to argue in favour of their own views), yet the verse does not refrain from teaching proper conduct and the virtue of humbleness, namely, that the greater should consult, and take permission from the smaller; for had it been written, “I shall make man”, we could not, then, have learned that He spoke to His judicial council but to Himself. And as a refutation of the heretics it is written immediately after this verse “And God created the man”, and it is not written “and they created” (Genesis Rabbah 8:9)
(ג) בצלמנו. בִּדְפוּס שֶׁלָּנוּ:
(3) בצלמנו IN OUR IMAGE — in our type.
(ד) כדמותנו. לְהָבִין וּלְהַשְׂכִּיל:
(4) כדמתנו AFTER OUR LIKENESS — with the power to comprehend and to discern.
(ה) וירדו בדגת הים. יֵשׁ בַּלָּשׁוֹן הַזֶּה לְשׁוֹן רִדּוּי וּלְשׁוֹן יְרִידָה; זָכָה, רוֹדֶה בַחַיּוֹת וּבַבְּהֵמוֹת, לֹא זָכָה, נַעֲשֶׂה יָרוּד לִפְנֵיהֶם וְהַחַיָּה מוֹשֶׁלֶת בּוֹ:
(5) וירדו בדגת הים AND THEY SHALL HAVE DOMINION OVER THE FISH … [AND OVER THE BEASTS] — The expression וירדו may imply dominion as well as descending — if he is worthy he dominates over the beasts and cattle, if he is not worthy he will sink lower than them, and the beast will rule over him (Genesis Rabbah 8:12).
(א) ויברא אלקים את האדם בצלמו. בִּדְפוּס הֶעָשׂוּי לוֹ, שֶׁהַכֹּל נִבְרָא בְּמַאֲמָר וְהוּא נִבְרָא בַּיָּדַיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וַתָּשֶׁת עָלַי כַּפֶּכָה (תהילים קל"ט); נַעֲשָׂה בְחוֹתָם כְּמַטְבֵּעַ הָעֲשׂוּיָה עַל יְדֵי רֹשֶׁם שֶׁקּוֹרִין קוי"ן בלע"ז וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר תִּתְהַפֵּךְ כְּחֹמֶר חוֹתָם (איוב ל"ח):
(1) ויברא אלהים את האדם בצלמו SO GOD CREATED THE MAN IN HIS IMAGE —in the type that was specially made for him, for everything else was created by a creative fiat, whilst he was brought into existence by a creative act (literally, by hand), as it is said (Psalms 139:5) “And Thou hast laid thy hand upon me.” He was made by a seal as a coin that is made by a die that is called in old French coin. It is similarly said, (Job 28:14) “it is changed as clay under the seal” (Sanhedrin 38a).
(ב) בצלם אלקים ברא אותו. פֵּרֵשׁ לְךָ שֶׁאוֹתוֹ צֶלֶם הַמְתֻקָּן לוֹ, צֶלֶם דְּיוֹקַן יוֹצְרוֹ הוּא:
(2) בצלם אלהים ברא אותו IN THE IMAGE OF GOD CREATED HE HIM — It explains to you that the form prepared for him was the form of the image of his Creator.
(ג) זכר ונקבה ברא אותם. וּלְהַלָּן הוּא אוֹמֵר וַיִּקַּח אַחַת מִצַּלְעֹתָיו וגו' (בראשית ב')? מִדְרַשׁ אַגָּדָה שֶׁבְּרָאוֹ שְׁנֵי פַרְצוּפִים בִּבְרִיאָה רִאשׁוֹנָה, וְאַחַר כָּךְ חֲלָקוֹ. וּפְשׁוּטוֹ שֶׁל מִקְרָא, כָּאן הוֹדִיעֲךָ שֶׁנִּבְרְאוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם בַּשִּׁשִּׁי וְלֹא פֵי' לְךָ כֵּיצַד בְּרִיָּתָן, וּפֵרֵשׁ לְךָ בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר:
(3) זכר ונקבה ברא אותם MALE AND FEMALE CREATED HE THEM — And further on (Genesis 2:21) it is said: “and He took one of his ribs etc.” (The two passages appear to be contradictory.) But according to a Midrashic explanation, He created him at first with two faces, and afterwards He divided him. But the real sense of the verse is: here it tells you that both of them were created on the sixth day, but it does not explain to you how their creation took place; this it explains to you in another place (Genesis Rabbah 8:1 and see Eruvin 18a) .
(א) וכבשה. חָסֵר וָי"ו לְלַמֶּדְךָ שֶׁהַזָּכָר כּוֹבֵשׁ אֶת הַנְּקֵבָה, שֶׁלֹּא תְהֵא יַצְאָנִית, וְעוֹד לְלַמֶּדְךָ שֶׁהָאִישׁ שֶׁדַּרְכּוֹ לִכְבֹּשׁ מְצֻוֶּה עַל פְּרִיָּה וּרְבִיָּה וְלֹא הָאִשָּׁה:
(1) וכבשה AND SUBDUE IT — The word lacks a ו after the ש so that it may be read as meaning: and subdue her (i. e. the woman), thereby teaching you that the male controls the female in order that she may not become a gad-about; teaching you also that to the man, whose nature is to master, was given the Divine command to have issue, and not to the woman (Yevamot 65b).
(א) לכם יהיה לאכלה ולכל חית הארץ. הִשְׁוָה לָהֶם בְּהֵמוֹת וְחַיּוֹת לְמַאֲכָל, וְלֹא הִרְשָׁה לְאָדָם וּלְאִשְׁתּוֹ לְהָמִית בְּרִיָּה וְלֶאֱכֹל בָּשָׂר, אַךְ כָּל יֶרֶק עֵשֶׂב יֹאכְלוּ יַחַד כֻּלָם, וּכְשֶׁבָּאוּ בְנֵי נֹחַ הִתִּיר לָהֶם בָּשָׂר, שֶׁנֶאֱמַר כָּל רֶמֶשׂ אֲשֶׁר הוּא חַי וְגוֹ' כְּיֶרֶק עֵשֶׂב שֶׁהִתַּרְתִּי לְאָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן נָתַתִּי לָכֶם אֶת כֹּל:
(1) ולכל חית הארץ AND TO EVERY BEAST OF THE EARTH — Scripture places cattle and beasts on a level with them (human beings: that is, it places all alike in the same category) with regard to food, and did not permit Adam to kill any creature and eat its flesh, but all alike were to eat herbs. But when the era of the “Sons of Noah” began He permitted them to eat meat, for it is said, (Genesis 9:3) “every moving thing that lives should be for food for yourselves … “even as the herb” that I permitted to the first man, so do “I give to you everything” (Sanhedrin 59b).
(א) יום הששי. הוֹסִיף יי בַּשִּׁשִּׁי בִגְמַר מַעֲשֵׂה בְרֵאשִׁית, לוֹמַר שֶׁהִתְנָה עִמָּהֶם, עַל מְנָת שֶׁיְּקַבְּלוּ עֲלֵיהֶם יִשְׂרָאֵל חֲמִשָּׁה חֻמְּשֵׁי תוֹרָה. דָּבָר אַחֵר יוֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁי, כֻּלָּם תְּלוּיִם וְעוֹמְדִים עַד יוֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁי, הוּא ו' בְּסִיוָן הַמּוּכָן לְמַתַּן תּוֹרָה:
(1) יום הששי THE SIXTH DAY — The letter ה, the numerical value of which is 5, is added to the word ששי when the work of Creation was complete, to imply that He made a stipulation with them that it endures only upon condition that Israel should accept the five books of the Torah (Shabbat 88a). Another interpretation of יום הששי THE SIXTH DAY — The whole Creation (the Universe) stood in a state of suspense (moral imperfection) until the sixth day — that is, the sixth day of Sivan which was destined to be the day when the Torah would be given to Israel (Avodah Zara 3a).
(א) בְּהֵמָה הם המינים האוכלים עֵשֶׂב בין ישובי בין מדברי וְחַיְתוֹ אֶרֶץ אוכלי הבשר יקרא חיות וכלם יטרופו
"וָרֶמֶשׂ" - כתב רש"י הם שרצים נמוכים ורומשים עַל הָאָרֶץ נראין כאילו נגררין והנה בפרשה הזאת (להלן פסוק כח) וּבְכָל חַיָּה הָרֹמֶשֶׂת עַל הָאָרֶץ וכתיב (להלן ז כא) וַיִּגְוַע כָּל בָּשָׂר הָרֹמֵשׂ עַל הָאָרֶץ בָּעוֹף וּבַבְּהֵמָה וּבַחַיָּה וּבְכָל הַשֶּׁרֶץ הַשֹּׁרֵץ עַל הָאָרֶץ וכתיב (תהלים קד כ) בּוֹ תִרְמֹשׂ כָּל חַיְתוֹ יָעַר אבל פירוש "רמישה" כענין בסמ"ך מן תִּרְמְסֶנָּה רָגֶל (ישעיהו כו ו) וחביריו ואמר בחיה ובבהמה "רֹמֵשׂ עַל הָאָרֶץ" ובשרצים הנגררים "רֶמֶשׂ הָאֲדָמָה" (פסוק כה) בעבור שדריכתם באדמה בכל גופם
(1) Beasts (behema): These are the types that eat grass, whether they reside in human settlements or in the wilderness. The animals (chayot) of the earth: Those that eat meat are called animals and all of them prey. And crawling things (remes): Rashi wrote, "These are the creeping things, which are low and crawl (romsim) upon the earth; they appear as if they are dragging along." And behold, in this section (below, verse 28), it is written, "and every animal that crawls (romeset) upon the earth." And it is written (Genesis 7:21), "And all flesh that crawls on the earth perished, among the fowl and among the beasts and among the animals and among all the creeping things that creep on the earth," and it is written (Psalms 104:20), "in it do all the animals crawl." (From these verses, we see that crawling - remisa - is not only relegated to lowly creatures.) But [rather], the explanation of remisa is like the notion [which is spelled] with the [letter,] samech, [an example of which is found in the phrase, "the leg tramples (tirmesena)" (Isaiah 26:6); and [in other] related examples. And with animals and with beasts, it states, "crawl upon the earth;" and with creeping things that drag [themselves on the ground], "the crawlers of the ground" (verse 25), because [the latter] tread on the ground with their entire bodies.
(א) וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹקִים נַעֲשֶׂה אָדָם נתייחד בעשיית האדם מאמר בעבור גודל מעלתו כי אין טבעו כטבע החיה והבהמה אשר ברא במאמר הקודם לו והפשט הנכון במלת "נַעֲשֶׂה" הוא מפני שכבר הראית לדעת (לעיל פסוק א) כי האלקים בָּרָא יש מאין ביום הראשון לבדו ואחר כך מן היסודות ההם הנבראים יצר ועשה וכאשר נתן במים כח השרוץ לשרוץ נפש חיה והיה המאמר בהם "יִשְׁרְצוּ הַמַּיִם" (פסוק כ) והיה המאמר בבהמה "תּוֹצֵא הָאָרֶץ" (פסוק כד) אמר באדם "נַעֲשֶׂה" כלומר אני והארץ הנזכרת נַעֲשֶׂה אָדָם שתוציא הארץ הגוף מיסודיה כאשר עשתה בבהמה ובחיה כדכתיב (להלן ב ז) וַיִּיצֶר יי אֱלֹקִים אֶת הָאָדָם עָפָר מִן הָאֲדָמָה ויתן הוא יתברך הרוח מפי עליון כדכתיב (שם) וַיִּפַּח בְּאַפָּיו נִשְׁמַת חַיִּים ואמר "בְּצַלְמֵנוּ כִּדְמוּתֵנוּ" כי ידמה לשניהם במתכונת גופו לארץ אשר לוקח ממנה וידמה ברוח לעליונים שאינה גוף ולא תמות ואמר בכתוב השני בְּצֶלֶם אֱלֹקִים בָּרָא אֹתוֹ (פסוק כז) לספר הפלא אשר נפלא בו משאר הנבראים וזה פשט המקרא הזה מצאתיו לרבי יוסף הקמחי והוא הנראה מכל מה שחשבו בו ופירוש "צֶלֶם" כמו תאר וּצְלֵם אַנְפּוֹהִי אֶשְׁתַּנִּי (דניאל ג יט) וכן אַךְ בְּצֶלֶם יִתְהַלֶּךְ אִישׁ (תהלים לט ז) בָּעִיר צַלְמָם תִּבְזֶה (([תהלים עג כ|שם עג כ]]) תאר מראיתו ו"דמות" הוא דמיון בצורה ובמעשה כי הקרובים בענין יקראו דומים זה לזה והנה האדם דומה לתחתונים ולעליונים בתאר והדר כדכתיב (תהלים ח ו) וְכָבוֹד וְהָדָר תְּעַטְּרֵהוּ והוא מגמת פניו בחכמה ובדעת וכשרון המעשה ובדמות ממש שידמה גופו לעפר ונפשו לעליונים
"וְיִרְדּוּ בִדְגַת הַיָּם" - בעבור היותו זָכָר וּנְקֵבָה אמר "וְיִרְדּוּ" בִדְגַת הַיָּם לשון רבים ובבראשית רבה (ז ה) אמרו תּוֹצֵא הָאָרֶץ נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה לְמִינָהּ אמר רבי אלעזר נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה זו רוחו של אדם הראשון ולא יתכן שיאמר רבי אלעזר כי "תּוֹצֵא הָאָרֶץ" יתפרש בנפשו של אדם הראשון כלל אלא שיתכוין למה שהזכרתי לומר כי יצירת האדם ברוחו הוא הנפש אשר בדם נעשה מן הארץ כמאמר החיה והבהמה כי כל נפשות התנועה נעשו יחד ואחר כן ברא להם גופות עשה תחילה גופי הבהמה והחיה ואחר כך גוף האדם ונתן בו הנפש הזו ואחר כן נפח בו נשמה עליונית כי הנפש הנפרדת אשר בו היא שנתיחד בה מאמר אחר אל האלקים אשר נתנה כדכתיב (להלן ב ז) וַיִּפַּח בְּאַפָּיו נִשְׁמַת חַיִּים ודרך האמת בפסוק הזה יודע למשכיל בפסוק השני ואפשר שנתכוין לו רבי אלעזר ודרש ב"תּוֹצֵא הָאָרֶץ" ארץ החיים שתוצא נפש חיה למינה לעולם עומדת וכן מה שאמר זָכָר וּנְקֵבָה בָּרָא אֹתָם (להלן א כז, להלן ה ב) כי היתה הבריאה מתחלה מזכר ונקבה ונשמתו כלולה בהם אבל היצירה היתה יצירה לאדם ובנין צלע לאשה כאשר יספר בסוף ולכן הזכיר כאן "בריאה" ובפרשה של מטה הזכיר "יצירה" והמשכיל יבין וטעם וְיִרְדּוּ שימשלו בחזקה בדגים ובעוף ובבהמה ובכל הרמש וה"בְּהֵמָה" תכלול החיה ואמר ובכל הארץ שימשלו בארץ עצמה לעקור ולנתוץ ולחפור ולחצוב נחשת וברזל ולשון "רדייה" ממשלת האדון בעבדו
(1) And God said, "Let us make man:" A [separate] proclamation was designated for the creation of man, because of his stature - since his nature is not like the nature of animals and beasts that He created in the proclamation that precedes it. And the correct simple meaning of the word, 'let us make,' is that which you have already been shown, to know (above, verse 1) that God created something from nothing on the first day alone, and afterwards He formed and made [everything] from the fundamental elements. And when He gave power of swarming in the water to swarm living creatures, the proclamation was (verse 20), "let the waters swarm;" and the proclamation with the animals was (verse 24) "let the earth bring forth;" [and] with man He said, "let us make." That is to say, I and the earth - that was mentioned - let us make man: the earth will bring forth the body form the elements as it did with the beasts and the animals, as it is written (Genesis 2:7), "And the Lord, God, formed man, dust from the earth;" and He, may He be blessed, gave him the spirit from the mouth of the Highest, as it is written (Ibid.) and He blew into his nostrils, a living soul." And it stated, "in our image, in our likeness," since he would be similar to both of them: in the configuration of his body, to the earth from which he was taken; and he would resemble the higher ones in his soul, which is not a body and does not die. And the second verse (27) states, "in the image of God did He create him," to tell of the wonder which separates him from all the creatures. And this simple explanation of the verse I found from Rabbi Yosef Kimchi and it is the most plausible of all that have been thought. And the explanation of [the word,] image (tselem), is like an appearance, [as in] (Daniel 3:19), "and the appearance of his face changed," and also (Psalms 39:7) "As an appearance does man walk," and (Psalms 73:20) "in the city will You disgrace their appearance," [meaning] the description of what he looked like. And likeness (demut) [means] similarity in form or action; such that [things] that share a resemblance in a matter are called likenesses of each other. And behold man is similar to the lower beings and the upper beings in [his] appearance and his glory. As it is written (Psalms 8:6), "and with honor and glory have you crowned him" [concerning his resemblance to the upper beings], and this refers to the direction of his countenance towards wisdom and knowledge and skilled action. And in his likeness, his body completely resembles the dirt, and his soul, the upper creatures. Let them have dominion over the fish of the sea: Because of [man's] being male and female, it states, "let them have dominion over the fish of the sea," in the plural. And in Bereishit Rabbah 7:5, they said, "'let the earth bring forth living creatures (souls) according to their species' (verse 24), Rabbi Elazar said, 'living souls, this is the spirit of man.'" And it is not at all possible that Rabbi Elazar would explain that "let the earth bring forth..." is to be explained as referring to the soul of Adam. But rather, he intended to say that which I mentioned: that the formation of the spirit of man which is in his blood was made from the ground, as per the proclamation for the animals and the beasts - as all souls of movement were made together; and afterwards, He made bodies for them - first He made the bodies of the beasts and the animals, and afterwards, the body of man and He put into him a soul; and after that, He blew into him a higher soul, [meaning that] it was that separated soul that had a different proclamation designated for it, by God who gave it, as it is written (Genesis 2:7), "and He breathed into his nostrils a living soul." And the true way in this verse will be known to the one that understands the [next] verse and it is possible that Rabbi Elazar intended this and expounded [the verse], "let the earth (haarets) bring forth," as the 'land (erets) of the living' which should bring forth a soul of its type that will exist forever. And so [too], what it stated (verse 27), "male and female He created them," is because the creation at the beginning was from the male and the female and [man's] soul was included in both of them; but the [subsequent] formation was [only] a formation for the man and a building [from man's] side (rib) for the woman, as is told at the end. And for this reason, creation is mentioned here and formation in the section below. And the learned one will understand. And the [meaning] of "and they will have dominion" is that they should rule powerfully over the fish and the fowl and the beast and all that crawls. And the beasts [in this verse] includes the animals (which are not mentioned separately). And it states, "and over all the earth," [to mean] that they should rule over the earth itself: to uproot and to smash and to dig and to quarry copper and iron. And the expression, dominion (rediyah), [is like the] rulership of a master over his slave.
(א) וַיְבָרֶךְ אֹתָם אֱלֹקִים זו ברכה ממש לפיכך כתוב בה וַיֹּאמֶר לָהֶם אֱלֹקִים אבל למעלה (כב) כתוב וַיְבָרֶךְ אֹתָם אֱלֹקִים לֵאמֹר יפרש שהברכה היא המאמר שנתן בהם כח התולדה לא דבור אחד שיהיו בו מבורכים. וּמִלְאוּ אֶת הָאָרֶץ ברכה שימלא העולם לרובם ולפי דעתי יברך אותם שימלאו כל הארץ ויפרדו הגוים למשפחותם בקצוי תבל לרובם ולא יהיו במקום אחד כמחשבת אנשי דור הפלגה וכבשוה נתן להם כח וממשלה בארץ לעשות כרצונם בבהמות ובשרצים וכל זוחלי עפר ולבנות ולעקור נטוע ומהרריה לחצוב נחשת וכיוצא בזה וזה יכלול מה שאמר "וּבְכָל הָאָרֶץ" (לעיל פסוק כו) "וּרְדוּ בִּדְגַת הַיָּם" - אמר שיהיו רודים גם בדגי הים הנכסים מהם וּבְעוֹף הַשָּׁמַיִם שאינם עמהם באדמה גם בכל חיה רעה וסדר אותם כבריאתם הדגים והעוף תחלה והחיה אחר כן וכך אמר הכתוב (תהלים ח ז-ט) תַּמְשִׁילֵהוּ בְּמַעֲשֵׂי יָדֶיךָ כֹּל שַׁתָּה תַחַת רַגְלָיו צֹנֶה וַאֲלָפִים כֻּלָּם וְגַם בַּהֲמוֹת שָׂדָי צִפּוֹר שָׁמַיִם וּדְגֵי הַיָּם וגו' ורבותינו שמו הפרש בין כבישה ורדייה
(1) And God blessed them: That is a true blessing. Therefore, [here] it is written, "and God said to them." But above (verse 22), it is written, "And God blessed them, saying," [which] is explained as the blessing [only] being the [actual] proclamation by which he gave them the power to reproduce, [but] not a different proclamation through which they would be blessed (as was the case with man). "And fill the earth:" A blessing that they should fill the earth due to their great number. And according to my opinion, He blessed them that they fill all of the earth, [meaning] that the nations should separate into their families to the corners of the world due to their great number. And they should not be in one place, [such an idea being] the thought of the men of the Generation of Dispersion (at the time of the Tower of Babel). "And subdue it:" He gave them the power and rulership over the earth; to do whatever they wanted with the beasts and the swarming animals and all of those that slither on the ground; and to build and to uproot and plant and to quarry copper from its hills and [to do things] similar to this. And this is [all] included in its stating (above, verse 26), "and over all the earth." "And have dominion over the fish of the sea;" He said that they should have dominion also over the fish of the seas that are covered by them and over the fowl of the sky that are not with man upon the ground and [even] also over all [dangerous] animals. And He sequenced them according to their creation: the fish and the fowl first and the animals afterwards; and so [too] does the verse state (Psalms 8:7-9), "You have made him rule over the works of Your hands; You have put all things under His feet: Sheep and oxen - all of them, and also the beasts of the field; The fowl of the air, and the fish of the sea, etc." And our Rabbis differentiated between subduing and having dominion.
(א) הִנֵּה נָתַתִּי לָכֶם אֶת כָּל עֵשֶׂב זֹרֵעַ זֶרַע לא הרשה לאדם ולאשתו להמית בריה ולאכול בשר, אך כל ירק עשב יאכלו יחדיו כלם. וכשבאו בני נח התיר להם בשר שנאמר (להלן ט ג) "כָּל רֶמֶשׂ אֲשֶׁר הוּא חַי לָכֶם יִהְיֶה לְאָכְלָה, כְּיֶרֶק עֵשֶׂב נָתַתִּי לָכֶם אֶת כֹּל" - את כל כירק עשב שהתרתי לאדם הראשון התרתי לכם את כל. לשון רש"י. וכן פירש הרב במסכת סנהדרין (נט ד"ה לא הותר) "ולכל חית הארץ" לכם ולחיות נתתי העשבים ואת האילנות וְ"אֶת כָּל יֶרֶק עֵשֶׂב לְאָכְלָה". ואם כך יהיה פירוש "אֶת כָּל יֶרֶק עֵשֶׂב לְאָכְלָה" "וְאֶת כָּל יֶרֶק עֵשֶׂב" ואינו כן, אבל נתן לאדם ולאשתו "כָּל עֵשֶׂב זֹרֵעַ זֶרַע" וכל פרי עץ, ולחית הארץ ולעוף השמים נתן "כל ירק עשב" לא פרי העץ ולא הזרעים, ואין מאכלם יחד כלם בשוה, אך הבשר לא הורשו בו עד בני נח כדעת רבותינו, והוא פשוטו של מקרא. והיה זה מפני שבעלי נפש התנועה יש להם קצת מעלה בנפשם, נדמו בה לבעלי הנפש המשכלת, ויש להם בחירה בטובתם ומזוניהם ויברחו מן הצער והמיתה, והכתוב אומר "מִי יוֹדֵעַ רוּחַ בְּנֵי הָאָדָם הָעֹלָה הִיא לְמָעְלָה וְרוּחַ הַבְּהֵמָה הַיֹּרֶדֶת הִיא לְמַטָּה לָאָרֶץ" (קהלת ג כא). וכאשר חטאו והשחית כל בשר את דרכו על הארץ, ונגזר שימותו במבול ובעבור נח הציל מהם לקיום המין נתן להם רשות לשחוט ולאכול כי קיומם בעבורו. ועם כל זה לא נתן להם הרשות בנפש ואסר להם אבר מן החי. והוסיף לנו במצות לאסור כל דם מפני שהוא מעמד לנפש כדכתיב (ויקרא יז יד) "כִּי נֶפֶשׁ כָּל בָּשָׂר דָּמוֹ בְנַפְשׁוֹ הוּא, וָאֹמַר לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל: דַּם כָּל בָּשָׂר לֹא תֹאכֵלוּ כִּי נֶפֶשׁ כָּל בָּשָׂר דָּמוֹ הִוא", כי התיר הגוף בחי שאינו מדבר אחר המיתה, לא הנפש עצמה. וזה טעם השחיטה. ומה שאמרו (ב"מ לב) "צער בעלי חיים דאורייתא", וזו ברכתנו שמברך "אשר קדשנו במצותיו וצונו על השחיטה", ועוד אדבר בענין המצוה בדם בהגיעי שם (ויקרא יז יא-יד) אם גומר השם עלי. וטעם "אֶת כָּל עֵשֶׂב זֹרֵעַ זֶרַע" ואת כל העץ אשר בו פרי עץ זורע זרע לכם יהיה לאכלה, שיאכלו זרועי העשב כגרגרי החטה והשעורה והקטניות וזולתם, ויאכלו כל פרי העץ, אבל העץ עצמו אינו להם לאכלה, וגם לא העשב, עד שנתקלל אדם ונאמר לו: "וְאָכַלְתָּ אֶת עֵשֶׂב הַשָּׂדֶה" (להלן ג יח).
(1) "Behold, I have given to you all of the herbs that gives seed:" "He did not permit Adam and his wife to kill a creature and to eat its meat; only every green herb were they all permitted to eat together. And when the Children of Noach came, He permitted them to eat meat, as it is stated (below 9:3), 'Every creeping thing that is alive, for you is it to eat, like the green herb have I given to you every thing' Like the green herbs, which I permitted to the first man, I have given you everything." [These are] the words of Rashi. And so [too] did [Rashi] explain in Tractate Sanhedrin 59b (s. v. lo hutar), "'And to all the animals of the land' - to you and to the animals have I given the herbs and the trees, and 'the green herbs to eat.'" And if so, the explanation of "all of the green herbs to eat" would be [that it is a continuation of the previous idea as follows]: and all of the green herbs. And it is not like this, but [rather] He gave to Adam and his wife, "every herb that gives seed" and all the fruit of the trees; and to the animals of the field and the fowl of the skies, He gave "every green herb" - [but] not the fruit of the trees and not seeds; and their food is not equally for all. However meat was not permitted to him until the Children of Noach, as per the opinion of our Rabbis, and that is the simple meaning of the text. And [the original prohibition to kill animals to eat their meat] is because moving souls have a bit of stature to their souls: they resemble intelligent souls and seek their [own] benefit and their food and run away from pain and death; and the verse states (Ecclesiastes 3:23), "Who knows the spirit of man whether it goes upward, and the spirit of the beast whether it goes downward to the earth?" And when they sinned and all flesh corrupted its way upon the earth and it was decreed that they would die in the flood, and because of Noach, He saved some of them for the preservation of the species, He gave them permission to slaughter and eat [animals] since their existence was for [man's] sake. And in spite of all this, He did not give them permission with regards to the soul and forbade them a limb from a living animal. And He added commandments for us to forbid all blood since it is the support of the soul, as it is written (Leviticus 17:14), "Since the soul of all flesh, its blood is in its soul; and say to the Children of Israel, 'the blood of all flesh do not eat, since the soul of all flesh, it is the blood.'" [This is all] because He permitted the body of an animal that does not speak but not the soul itself. And this is [also] the reason for ritual slaughter (shechita) - and for what they said (Bava Metzia 32:), "[the prohibition of causing] pain to living animals is from the Torah" - and this is our blessing for it: "who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us on ritual slaughter." And I will speak more about the matter of the commandment of blood when I get there (Leviticus 17:11-14) if God [permits].
(א) וְהִנֵּה טוֹב מְאֹד הוא הקיום כאשר פירשתי (לעיל פסוקים ד י יב) וטעם "מְאֹד" כטעם רבוי והוסיף ביום הזה לאמר כן בעבור שידבר בכלל וימצא רע בקצתו ואמר כי טוֹב מְאֹד מאדו טוב וזהו מאמרם בבראשית רבה (ט ה) וְהִנֵּה טוֹב מְאֹד והנה טוב זה מות וכן הזכירו (שם יא) זה יצר הרע וזו מדת פורענות ולזה גם נתכוין אונקלוס שאמר בכאן "והא תקין לחדא" יאמר שהוא מתוקן הסדר מאד כי הרע צריך בקיום הטוב כענין שנאמר (קהלת ג א) לַכֹּל זְמָן וְעֵת לְכָל חֵפֶץ תַּחַת הַשָּׁמָיִם ויש מפרשים כי מפני מעלת האדם הוסיף בשבח היצירה בו כי הוא טוֹב מְאֹד
(1) And behold, it was very good: This is [referring to its permanent] existence, as I have explained (above, verses 4,10,12). And the explanation of "very" is like [when there is an] addition that is included (ribui). And it added to state this on this day (as opposed to the other days of creation, wherein we only find 'good' and not 'very good'), because it is speaking about the general [creation] and evil can be found in parts of it; and it states that it is very good, [as if to say] its 'very' (its addition) is [also] good. And this is [what they meant] in their statement in Bereishit Rabbah 9:5, "'and behold it was very good,' 'and behold, it was good' [here] is [referring to] death;" and so [too] did they mention, [that] it is [referring to] the evil impulse, and it is [referring to] the [Divine] attribute of punishment. And Onkelos also intended this when he said here, "it is very orderly;" meaning that the order [of the universe] is very well constructed; since evil is needed for the existence of good as the matter is stated (Ecclesiastes 3:1), "For everything is there a time and for every matter is there a season under the heavens." And there are some that explain that it is because of man's stature that it adds praise to [the account of man's] formation, since he is very good.
(א) גם מעוף, פירשנוהו בפסוק שלפניו. ופירוש על פני כל הארץ, כמו שפרשנו בפסוק "ויעש אלקים את חית הארץ" כי מקומותיהם חלוקים על פני כל הארץ:
(1) גם מעוף השמים, we have explained this already on the previous verse. The meaning of the words: על פני כל הארץ, is similar to what we explained in connection with this expression in Genesis 1,25, where it meant that the animals concerned were distributed across all different parts of the globe.
(א) ואתה קח לך, כיון שיבאו אליך להחיותם צריך שתזמן מכל מאכל לצרכך ולצרכם, והמאכל הוא הפירות והזרעים והעשבים, וגם החיות הטורפות יאכלו גם כן כמו האחרים, ולא אכלו בשר כמו שלא אכלו בתחלת הבריאה, כמו שכתבנו בפסוק "ויעש אלקים את חית הארץ למינה":
(1) ואתה קח לך, seeing that they will come to you in order to survive, you will have to prepare food for them, each species according to the type of diet it is used to. Even the predators will not be allowed to eat flesh while in the ark but would have to subsist on a vegetarian diet. They had, after all, been used to such a diet immediately after they had been created, as we have already explained on Genesis 1,25.
(א) והנחש היה ערום מכל חית השדה אשר עשה יי אלקים יש לשאול על ענין אמירת הנחש לאשה איך היה ואם היה דרך מופת כמו אמירת האתון לבלעם, למה לא אמר ויפתח יי את פי הנחש כמו שאמר ויפתח יי את פי האתון ? ואם כדברי ר' סעדיה שכתב שלא דבר הנחש ולא האתון אלא מלאך דבר בעבורם, למה נתקלל הנחש ? ועוד איך ישיא המלאך את האשה לעבור על מצות האל, ועוד מה ענין לנחש הנה, ולמה אמר והנחש היה ערום אחר שהוא לא דבר, ואם נאמר כי לנסות את האשה בא המלאך אם תעבור את פי יי, מה חטא הנחש בזה, ולמה לא בא המלאך לאדם כי לא היתה מצות האל לאשה אע"פ שאדם אמר לאשה מצות האל, והענין בזה מבולבל מאוד לפי הנגלה אבל לפי הנסתר הענין מבואר כמו שנפרש בקונדרס אשר נכתוב לבדו בנסתר. ומהנסתר מה שכתבו רז"ל בזה (פרקי דר"א י"ג) כי הנחש היה גדול כגמל וסמאל רוכב עליו והקב"ה שוחק על הגמל ורוכבו, והבין זה בזה, כי מה מאוד נכבד המשל הזה בדבריהם. ועוד אמרו (יבמות ק"ג, ע"ז כ"ב) כשבא נחש על חוה הטיל בה זוהמא, ישראל שעמדו על הר סיני פסקה זוהמתן, אומות העולם שלא עמדו על הר סיני לא פסקה זוהמתן, וכל זה נכון למבין. ואנחנו לא נבאר הנה המשל שלא נגלה הנסתר כמו שהזהירו רז"ל עליו כמו שכתבנו, אבל נכתוב הרמיזות כמו שרמזו הם, והמבין יבין. ויש אומרים כי הנחש לא דבר, אלא בצפצוף רמז לאשה, והאשה הכירה ברמיזת הנחש וידעה כי זה רצה לומר, וזה רחוק שתבין האשה הדברים האלה ברמיזות, ועוד אם האשה הבינה רמיזות הנחש איך הבין מענה האשה. והחכם ר' אברהם בן עזרא כתב כי הנחש היה מדבר, והיה הולך בקומה זקופה, והשם שם בו דעת האדם. והנה הפסוק העיד כי היה ערום מכל חית השדה רק לא כאדם, וכן דעת רז"ל (ב"ר שם) ויש לתמוה לפירוש החכם הזה איך בעת הבריאה לא הבדילו מן הבהמות ומן החיות כמו שהבדיל האדם שאמר עליו נעשה אדם בצלמינו ? ועוד כאשר קלל הנחש ואמר לו על גחנך תלך ועפר תאכל איך לא אמר ודעת תחסר כי היא הקללה הגדולה ואיך לא הזכירה? והקרוב בכל מה שכתבנו הוא שהיה דבור הנחש על דדך מופת לנסות בו האשה; ואע"פ שלא אמר ויפתח יי את פי הנחש כמו שאמר באתון בלעם לפי שיש בזה נסתר גדול והוא העיקר למביני מדע; ועדיין יש לשאול למה נתקלל הנחש אחר שהאל שם הדבר בפיו? ויש לפרש כי הנחש חשב בערמימות לקנא באדם, והאל שידע דעתו התירו ושם הדבר בפיו, כענין שאמרו (שבת ק"ד) בא לטמא פותחין לו; ועוד שידעו בני אדם כי בדין נענש. היה ערום, חכם, ואשר הוא ענין חכמ' הוא בשורק, ואשר הוא ענין ערום הוא בחולם; וכן הרבוי אשר הוא לשון חכמה המ"ם רפה כמו מחשבות ערומים, (איוב יי י"ב) ואשר הוא לשון ערום המ"ם בדגש, כמו ובגדי ערומים תפשיט (איוב ה'). ומה שאמר היה ערום ר"ל חכם וערום בכח הדמיון אשר לבהמה, כמו שאמרו על השועל שהוא ערום ובעל תחבולות וזהו בכח הדמיון ולא בכח השכל כי אין כח השכל בשפלים, אלא לאדם לבדו, והנחש היה ערום ובעל תחבולות יותר מהשועל כמו שאמר מכל חית השדה, ולא זכר הבהמה לפי שחית השדה יש בהן יותר ערמימיות מן הבהמות הגדולות ואעפ"כ הנחש היה ערום יותר מהן ואין צריך לומר מהבהמות. ומה שאמר אשר עשה יי אלקים, ר"ל אע"פ שכולם עשה אותם בחמר אחד, שם בהם לאחת יתרון על חברתה, יש בערמה ויש בגבורה, כמו שראה האל בחכמתו אשר לא תושג. ואמר אל האשה ולא אמר לאדם, האשה קרובה להתפתות יותר מן האיש, כי דעתה קלה. אף כי אמר אלקים, באמרו אף שמורה תוספת על הדברים שקדמו, נראה כי דברים אחרים קדמו בין חוה ובין הנחש, ודומה שאמרה חוה לנחש על הכבוד שעשה להם האל שהשכינם בגן עדן, אמר לה הנחש אני רואה שהקב"ה שונא אתכם אע"פ שהגדיל אתכם משאר היצורים שלא יעשה לכם מעלה כך וכך, וכל שכן שאמר אליכם שלא תאכלו מכל עץ הגן בזה תוכלו להכיר שהוא שונא אתכם ואינכם חשובים בעיניו כמו שאת אומרת, והכתוב הניח ראשי הדברים ולקח סופם, וכן הוא מנהג הכתוב במקומות רבות, כמו שאמרו המרגלים אל יהושע (ב' כ"ג) "כי נתן יי בידינו את כל הארץ" ואין מלת כי תחלת הדברים. ופירש אף, כל שכן כמו "אף שכני בתי חומר" (איוב ד' י"ט) אף כי אנכי אעננו (שם ט' י"ד) אף כי הבית הזה אשר בניתי (מלכים א' ח' כ"ז) ולא הזכיר הנחש שם הנכבד, וכתב החכם ר' אברהם בן עזרא כי לא ידעו, ולפירושנו כי דבורו היה דרך מופת לא שם האל בפיו זה השם הנכבד, כי לא יתכן שתהגה בו בהמה וחיה לכבוד השם שהוא מיוחד לו לבדו, וכן האשה לא הזכירה אותו. ומה שאמר הנחש מכל עץ הגן, אמר זה מערמימותו אע"פ שהוא לא שמע מן האשה בדברים שקדמו, אמר כן כאלו אמר לה מה תועלת לכם שהשכין אתכם בגן עדן אחר שמנע מכם שלח תאכלו מכל עץ הגן:
(1) והנחש היה ערום מכל חית ה שדה אשר עשה ה' אלוקים, It is in order to ask in what fashion the serpent conversed with Chavah. If G’d had opened the serpent’s mouth by means of a miracle, as He did when Bileam’s ass started speaking to him (Numbers 22,28), why did the Torah not report, as it did in that verse that “G’d opened the mouth of the serpent?” If, on the other hand, if, as in the view of Rabbi Saadyah gaon, the conversations reported in the Torah between both the ass and Bileam and the serpent and Chavah were conducted by an angel on their behalf, why was the serpent punished and cursed for all times? Besides, how is it possible that G’d assigned to an angel the task to seduce Chavah to sin against G’d? Furthermore, what reason was there to introduce the serpent into the story at this point? Why did the Torah have to write: “and the serpent was the wiliest of all the beasts of the field, etc.?” If the serpent was unable to speak, i.e. to communicate with Chavah in his own right, how do we know that it was such a clever creature? If we are to assume that the angel was dispatched to subject the woman to a test of her faith and obedience, how was the serpent to blame for the outcome? Besides, it would have been so much more appropriate for the angel to test Adam himself, seeing it was he who had been commanded by G’d not to eat from the tree of knowledge? Chavah had heard of this only second hand from her husband!
The whole subject is extremely confusing, when we look only at what has been revealed to us by the text. We need to resort to the writings of the Kabbalists to make better sense of this whole episode.(Pirkey de Rabbi Eliezer chapter 13)[in that chapter’s introduction, the point is made that jealousy and envy, some of the most destructive character traits, exist also in the celestial regions, and that when the angels who had not been delighted at man’s creation in the first place, saw how clever Adam was, and how he had named the animals immediately upon looking at them, they became afraid that their dominant role in G’d’s entourage would be jeopardized now. They therefore schemed to seduce man into sinning against His Creator in order to safeguard their role as being closest to G’d. Thereupon, Samael, the most powerful angel, the one who had 12 wings whereas all the others had only 6 wings, took his underlings with him to take a closer look at what went on in the terrestrial regions. He found that in those regions the serpent was by far the most intelligent of the beasts, and he could not find another beast as capable and willing to fall in with his wicked plans. We are informed there that the serpent was huge, and looked like a camel and Samael was riding on it. The sages, with their insight into then hidden aspects of the Torah, wanted to illustrate how G’d sometimes amuses Himself to make playful use both of the “camel,” i.e. the serpent, and its rider, i.e. Samael.
Another comment offered by the sages (Shabbat 146) is that after the serpent had engaged in sexual relations with Chavah, it had left behind within her some of the spiritually poisonous residue, which had contaminated her personality. This was so pervasive that until the Jewish people accepted the Torah at Mount Sinai they had not been able to totally cleanse themselves of that poison. The other nations of the world never cleansed themselves of this spiritually poisonous material. Students of such mystical aspects of the Torah will understand what I refer to, but I have no intention to use my commentary to dwell on such matters, having been warned by my teachers not to reveal what the Torah clearly had not seen fit to reveal to one and all. We will relate to such allusions only in the same way as the sages have seen fit to do themselves. Hopefully, those who are attuned will understand what the sages had in mind to convey to us. Some commentators, cited by Ibn Ezra, say that the serpent did not speak at all, but managed to convey its meaning to Chavah by whistling, hissing to her. Chavah was clever enough, according to that view, to understand what the serpent was trying to communicate to her. It seems very far fetched to credit Chavah with understanding what the serpent tried to hint to her in such a fashion. It is even more far fetched to credit the serpent with understanding what Chavah answered her in Hebrew.
The scholar Rabbi Avraham Ibn Ezra writes that the serpent did indeed speak, and it used to walk upright, just like man. Originally, G’d had equipped the serpent with superior knowledge and intelligence, i.e. “more crafty than any of the beasts of the field, but not as crafty as man.” this was also the opinion of our sages (Bereshit Rabbah 20,5) This is what they write: At the time G’d punished the serpent, He said to it: “here I had made you so that you are king of the all the beasts, something that you had not been satisfied with. I enabled you to walk upright just like man. You were not satisfied with this either. Now you will have to crawl on your belly and eat dust.” We must ask ourselves that if all this is so, why the Torah had not mentioned that the serpent had enjoyed such distinctions, that the Torah’s report of G’d’s creative activities makes no mention of this, as it did in Genesis 1,26 when man’s distinction over the other creatures is introduced by G’d saying “we will make him in our image, etc?” Furthermore, when G’d cursed the serpent, mention is meant of it having to crawl and having to eat dust. Why did the Torah not also mention that G’d deprived it of its superior intellect? This would have been the most severe part of the punishment and the Torah does not mention it at all? The most likely answer to all the points that we have raised is that the serpent was enabled, -miraculously,- on that occasion, to speak in a voice and language Chavah could understand, even though the Torah did not write specifically that “G’d opened its mouth,” as it did in connection with Bileam. seeing that this represented something far more extraordinary [Bileam’s ass speaking, which occurred in a world that was post Gan Eden, as opposed to an idyllic world where such miracles were not out of the ordinary. Besides, Bileam’s ass had saved her master from death by opening her mouth, whereas the serpent’s speaking had led to Chavah’s and her husband’s eventual death. Ed.]
Still. The question remains why the serpent was punished if G’d Himself had put these words in its mouth? We need to answer that the serpent had already planned its craftiness how to set a trap for man to discredit it in the eyes of G’d so that it would replace man as the superior creature on earth. G’d was aware of all this, and all He did was to follow the principle in Shabbat 104 of בא לטמא פותחים לו, “when someone is bent on defiling something, one facilitates this for him.” Furthermore, G’d had to make sure that Adam (mankind) knew that the serpent had been punished with good cause. [this editor is astounded by the use of Kimchi of the quote in Shabbat 104 as it is my understanding that whereas when planning to do good one enjoys heavenly assists, when planning to do evil one is merely not interfered with. Besides, this saying applies to human beings who have freedom of choice; whoever heard of this saying applying to animals? Ed.]
היה ערום, clever. Seeing that the word refers to intelligence, it is spelled with the vowel shuruk to distinguish it from the adjective arum naked, which is spelled with the vowel cholam. [in our editions of the Torah both words are spelled with the letter shuruk representing the vowel shuruk. Ed.] Seeing the word occurs in the plural, the letter מ does not have a dagesh, compare מחשבות ערומים in Job 5,12 where it means :“the designs of the crafty ones.” When the word is used to described nudity, the letter מ is written with a dagesh. Compare Job 22,6 ובגדי ערומים תפשיט, “You leave them stripped of their clothing.” When the Torah wrote here היה ערום, it meant that the serpent possessed extraordinary powers of imagination, totally superior to other animals in this respect. Our sages generally describe the fox as crafty, able to scheme, something other animals are not credited with doing. (Berachot 61) This is not the same as possessing didactic intelligence, something reserved for man. When the Torah adds the words מכל חית השדה, it excludes the domestic animals, בהמות as not possessing even a modicum of such powers of imagination, The serpent at that time was superior to the fox in its ability to scheme. אשר עשה ה' אלוקים, even though all these creatures had been constructed out of the same raw material, G’d had given added an advantage to different ones of these creatures. Some had been granted greater physical prowess, others greater power to scheme.
ויאמר אל האשה, the serpent deliberately avoided speaking to Adam, but spoke to the woman. It knew that it would be easier to seduce the woman because women’s minds are more easily swayed. (Shabbat 33) אף כי אמר אלוקים, the fact that the Torah commences its report of this conversation with the word אף is proof that there had been an exchange of words between the serpent and Chavah prior to this already. It is likely that Chavah had told the serpent about the great honour G’d had bestowed on them to place them within the Garden of Eden. To this the serpent had replied that it did not view this as proof that G’d loved them especially, but as proof of the contrary, that G’d hated them. Granted that G’d had elevated the human species as compared to the animals, but He had not elevated them to the status of becoming potential competitors of His by forbidding them to eat from all the good trees in the garden. The Torah decided to omit the introduction to the dialogue between the two and to concentrate on its essence. This is a style the Torah employs on a number of occasions. One example is the spies telling Joshua that they had heard while in Jericho clear evidence that G’d had as good as given the country into the hands of the Israelites already. They are not quoted as telling Joshua about their personal experiences during that mission. No doubt they had reported this. (Joshua 2,23) The meaning of the word אף here appears to b: “on the contrary, even more so.” We have a number of parallel verses in which the word אף is used in this sense, for instance Job 4,19 אף שכני בתי חמר, “how much less those who dwell in house made of clay.” Or, Kings I 8,27 אף כי הבית הזה אשר בניתי, “how much less this House which I have built.” The serpent did not refer to G’d’s holy name. Rabbi Avraham Ibn Ezra writes that this was because the serpent did not know G’d’s name Hashem. According to our explanations of the serpent’s sudden ability to speak in a manner comprehensible to Chavah being an ad hoc miracle, G’d did not allow the serpent to use His holy name. It is beyond our imagination to assume that G’d would allow a beast to bandy about His sacred name, something that is His exclusively. A careful reading of the text will reveal that even Chavah did not use the holy name of G’d. The bald-faced lie of the serpent was its claim that G’d had said מכל עץ הנן, that man had been forbidden to eat of any of the trees of the garden, this was part of its shrewdness, pretending as if Chavah had told her this, though the serpent was perfectly aware that Chavah had said no such thing. He wanted to challenge Chavah by saying “what good is your being in Gan Eden, seeing you cannot enjoy any of its fruit?”
The whole subject is extremely confusing, when we look only at what has been revealed to us by the text. We need to resort to the writings of the Kabbalists to make better sense of this whole episode.(Pirkey de Rabbi Eliezer chapter 13)[in that chapter’s introduction, the point is made that jealousy and envy, some of the most destructive character traits, exist also in the celestial regions, and that when the angels who had not been delighted at man’s creation in the first place, saw how clever Adam was, and how he had named the animals immediately upon looking at them, they became afraid that their dominant role in G’d’s entourage would be jeopardized now. They therefore schemed to seduce man into sinning against His Creator in order to safeguard their role as being closest to G’d. Thereupon, Samael, the most powerful angel, the one who had 12 wings whereas all the others had only 6 wings, took his underlings with him to take a closer look at what went on in the terrestrial regions. He found that in those regions the serpent was by far the most intelligent of the beasts, and he could not find another beast as capable and willing to fall in with his wicked plans. We are informed there that the serpent was huge, and looked like a camel and Samael was riding on it. The sages, with their insight into then hidden aspects of the Torah, wanted to illustrate how G’d sometimes amuses Himself to make playful use both of the “camel,” i.e. the serpent, and its rider, i.e. Samael.
Another comment offered by the sages (Shabbat 146) is that after the serpent had engaged in sexual relations with Chavah, it had left behind within her some of the spiritually poisonous residue, which had contaminated her personality. This was so pervasive that until the Jewish people accepted the Torah at Mount Sinai they had not been able to totally cleanse themselves of that poison. The other nations of the world never cleansed themselves of this spiritually poisonous material. Students of such mystical aspects of the Torah will understand what I refer to, but I have no intention to use my commentary to dwell on such matters, having been warned by my teachers not to reveal what the Torah clearly had not seen fit to reveal to one and all. We will relate to such allusions only in the same way as the sages have seen fit to do themselves. Hopefully, those who are attuned will understand what the sages had in mind to convey to us. Some commentators, cited by Ibn Ezra, say that the serpent did not speak at all, but managed to convey its meaning to Chavah by whistling, hissing to her. Chavah was clever enough, according to that view, to understand what the serpent was trying to communicate to her. It seems very far fetched to credit Chavah with understanding what the serpent tried to hint to her in such a fashion. It is even more far fetched to credit the serpent with understanding what Chavah answered her in Hebrew.
The scholar Rabbi Avraham Ibn Ezra writes that the serpent did indeed speak, and it used to walk upright, just like man. Originally, G’d had equipped the serpent with superior knowledge and intelligence, i.e. “more crafty than any of the beasts of the field, but not as crafty as man.” this was also the opinion of our sages (Bereshit Rabbah 20,5) This is what they write: At the time G’d punished the serpent, He said to it: “here I had made you so that you are king of the all the beasts, something that you had not been satisfied with. I enabled you to walk upright just like man. You were not satisfied with this either. Now you will have to crawl on your belly and eat dust.” We must ask ourselves that if all this is so, why the Torah had not mentioned that the serpent had enjoyed such distinctions, that the Torah’s report of G’d’s creative activities makes no mention of this, as it did in Genesis 1,26 when man’s distinction over the other creatures is introduced by G’d saying “we will make him in our image, etc?” Furthermore, when G’d cursed the serpent, mention is meant of it having to crawl and having to eat dust. Why did the Torah not also mention that G’d deprived it of its superior intellect? This would have been the most severe part of the punishment and the Torah does not mention it at all? The most likely answer to all the points that we have raised is that the serpent was enabled, -miraculously,- on that occasion, to speak in a voice and language Chavah could understand, even though the Torah did not write specifically that “G’d opened its mouth,” as it did in connection with Bileam. seeing that this represented something far more extraordinary [Bileam’s ass speaking, which occurred in a world that was post Gan Eden, as opposed to an idyllic world where such miracles were not out of the ordinary. Besides, Bileam’s ass had saved her master from death by opening her mouth, whereas the serpent’s speaking had led to Chavah’s and her husband’s eventual death. Ed.]
Still. The question remains why the serpent was punished if G’d Himself had put these words in its mouth? We need to answer that the serpent had already planned its craftiness how to set a trap for man to discredit it in the eyes of G’d so that it would replace man as the superior creature on earth. G’d was aware of all this, and all He did was to follow the principle in Shabbat 104 of בא לטמא פותחים לו, “when someone is bent on defiling something, one facilitates this for him.” Furthermore, G’d had to make sure that Adam (mankind) knew that the serpent had been punished with good cause. [this editor is astounded by the use of Kimchi of the quote in Shabbat 104 as it is my understanding that whereas when planning to do good one enjoys heavenly assists, when planning to do evil one is merely not interfered with. Besides, this saying applies to human beings who have freedom of choice; whoever heard of this saying applying to animals? Ed.]
היה ערום, clever. Seeing that the word refers to intelligence, it is spelled with the vowel shuruk to distinguish it from the adjective arum naked, which is spelled with the vowel cholam. [in our editions of the Torah both words are spelled with the letter shuruk representing the vowel shuruk. Ed.] Seeing the word occurs in the plural, the letter מ does not have a dagesh, compare מחשבות ערומים in Job 5,12 where it means :“the designs of the crafty ones.” When the word is used to described nudity, the letter מ is written with a dagesh. Compare Job 22,6 ובגדי ערומים תפשיט, “You leave them stripped of their clothing.” When the Torah wrote here היה ערום, it meant that the serpent possessed extraordinary powers of imagination, totally superior to other animals in this respect. Our sages generally describe the fox as crafty, able to scheme, something other animals are not credited with doing. (Berachot 61) This is not the same as possessing didactic intelligence, something reserved for man. When the Torah adds the words מכל חית השדה, it excludes the domestic animals, בהמות as not possessing even a modicum of such powers of imagination, The serpent at that time was superior to the fox in its ability to scheme. אשר עשה ה' אלוקים, even though all these creatures had been constructed out of the same raw material, G’d had given added an advantage to different ones of these creatures. Some had been granted greater physical prowess, others greater power to scheme.
ויאמר אל האשה, the serpent deliberately avoided speaking to Adam, but spoke to the woman. It knew that it would be easier to seduce the woman because women’s minds are more easily swayed. (Shabbat 33) אף כי אמר אלוקים, the fact that the Torah commences its report of this conversation with the word אף is proof that there had been an exchange of words between the serpent and Chavah prior to this already. It is likely that Chavah had told the serpent about the great honour G’d had bestowed on them to place them within the Garden of Eden. To this the serpent had replied that it did not view this as proof that G’d loved them especially, but as proof of the contrary, that G’d hated them. Granted that G’d had elevated the human species as compared to the animals, but He had not elevated them to the status of becoming potential competitors of His by forbidding them to eat from all the good trees in the garden. The Torah decided to omit the introduction to the dialogue between the two and to concentrate on its essence. This is a style the Torah employs on a number of occasions. One example is the spies telling Joshua that they had heard while in Jericho clear evidence that G’d had as good as given the country into the hands of the Israelites already. They are not quoted as telling Joshua about their personal experiences during that mission. No doubt they had reported this. (Joshua 2,23) The meaning of the word אף here appears to b: “on the contrary, even more so.” We have a number of parallel verses in which the word אף is used in this sense, for instance Job 4,19 אף שכני בתי חמר, “how much less those who dwell in house made of clay.” Or, Kings I 8,27 אף כי הבית הזה אשר בניתי, “how much less this House which I have built.” The serpent did not refer to G’d’s holy name. Rabbi Avraham Ibn Ezra writes that this was because the serpent did not know G’d’s name Hashem. According to our explanations of the serpent’s sudden ability to speak in a manner comprehensible to Chavah being an ad hoc miracle, G’d did not allow the serpent to use His holy name. It is beyond our imagination to assume that G’d would allow a beast to bandy about His sacred name, something that is His exclusively. A careful reading of the text will reveal that even Chavah did not use the holy name of G’d. The bald-faced lie of the serpent was its claim that G’d had said מכל עץ הנן, that man had been forbidden to eat of any of the trees of the garden, this was part of its shrewdness, pretending as if Chavah had told her this, though the serpent was perfectly aware that Chavah had said no such thing. He wanted to challenge Chavah by saying “what good is your being in Gan Eden, seeing you cannot enjoy any of its fruit?”
(א) ומוראכם, כמו שאמר בברכה ראשונה וכבשה ורדו;
(1) ומוראכם, this formulation is parallel to the words וכבשוה, which also referred to dominance over other creatures on earth (Genesis 1,28).
(א) ו ה ב ד ל ח אמרו שהיא אבן עגולה קטנה והיא לבנה, כמו שאמר כעין הבדלח (במדבר י"א ז') והאבן הזאת אמרו שהיא נעשית מטפות הטל היורד על הנהר ההוא, לפיכך היא עגולה בהוויתה כמו הטפה. ולפי שמאבן אחת מהבדלח לא יעשה שום מעשה ומלאכה לרוב קטנותה אלא שנוקבים אותה ומחברים אבן על אבן בחוט עד שיעשה מהם ענק, לפיכך לא אמר ואבן הבדלח כמו שאמר ואבן השהם שהיא אבן גדולה וגם היא לבנה וזכה ויעשה ממנה כלים למלכים גדולים, ועליה היו מפותחות שמות בני ישראל לרוב חשיבותה ונקיותה מכל פסולת. והנה הנהר הזה מזרחי ואינו נמשך מארץ חוילה ואילך אלא סובב את הארץ ומשם נכנס לים לצד מזרח, וקראוהו הקוראים נהר פישון לפי שמימיו מפרין ומרבין הזרע המשקה מהם. ופישון מן כי תפושו כעגלה דשה (ירמיה נ') ותרגום פרו, פושו:
(1) והבדולח, Rabbi Saadyah gaon, as well as Ibn Ezra say that it is a small spherical white gemstone. This is supported by the reference to כעין הבדולח in Numbers 11,7 where the Torah describes the appearance of the manna. The same scholars believe that this stone is formed by what were originally small drops of dew which had descended on that river. This is the reason why this “stone” is round, just as a drop of dew. Seeing that each individual such stone is so small that it is useless as an effective tool in commerce and industry, this is the reason why the word אבן is not mentioned in connection with בדולח, as opposed to the שהם gemstone which is specifically described as a “stone.” The latter is a large stone, and many different kinds of vessels are made out of its material. Due to its cost, these vessels are found only in the homes of kings and wealthy individuals. The shoham stones on the epaulets of the High Priest had the names of the twelve tribes etched into them. (Exodus 28,9) This gemstone was chosen in preference to others as it is more precious than most, and is found in an almost pure form, not containing any flaws due to discolouration.
This river flows in an easterly direction and does not continue through the ארץ חוילה, but flows around it and then enters the sea on its eastern shores. The reason most people called this river Pishon is because its waters help seeds irrigated by them to expand and produce substantial crops. Etymologically, the word פישון, is a derivative of the word פוש found in Jeremiah 50,11 כי תפושו כעגלה דשה, “when you stamped like a heifer treading grain.” Onkelos renders the word פרו, “be fruitful” as פושו in Genesis 1,28.
This river flows in an easterly direction and does not continue through the ארץ חוילה, but flows around it and then enters the sea on its eastern shores. The reason most people called this river Pishon is because its waters help seeds irrigated by them to expand and produce substantial crops. Etymologically, the word פישון, is a derivative of the word פוש found in Jeremiah 50,11 כי תפושו כעגלה דשה, “when you stamped like a heifer treading grain.” Onkelos renders the word פרו, “be fruitful” as פושו in Genesis 1,28.
(א) כל רמש אשר הוא חי, חסר וי"ו השמוש, כמו שמש ירח (חבקוק ג׳:י״א) ראובן שמעון (שמות א') והדומים להם, וכאלו אמר כל רמש ואשר הוא חי, וכל רמש הוא כולל כל חית הארץ והעוף, ואמר אשר הוא חי, על הדגים. או יהיה פי' בלא חסרון וי"ו, ויהיה רמש כלל לכל כי גם הדגים רומשים במים כמו שאמר ואת כל נפש חיה הרומשת, ואמר אשר הוא חי, כאלו אמר כל רמש שהוא נפש חיה. כירק עשב, שנתתי לארם הראשון, ופרי עץ בכלל ירק עשב, כי כל צומח ניתן לאדם לאכלה ולדורות הבמים אחריהם עד המבול, ולא נתתי להם הבשר לאכול, אבל לכם נתתי, כמו ירק עשב שהוא מותר לכם כן יהיה מותר לכם הבשר. וירק עשב פירשתיו. ורז"ל פירשו (סנהררין נ"ז) כירק עשב ולא כירק גנה מכאן שנאסר הגזל על בני נח:
(1) כל רמש אשר הוא חי, the word אשר which follows the word רמש lacks the connecting letter ו. This is not something unique, seeing we find it in Chabakuk 3,11 שמש ירח, “sun and moon,” instead of שמש וירח, or in Exodus 1,1 ראובן שמעון, instead of ראובן ושמעון, and many other such examples.
אשר הוא חי, these words refer to the fish. It is also possible to understand these words as if the letter ו had not been omitted at all, so that the word רמש would be a collective term for all living creatures (as in Genesis 1,21) so that the additional words אשר הוא חי, would compare living creatures now to vegetation in Genesis 1,30 when G’d permitted only ירק עשב, the higher ranking plants as food for the human species. The fruit of the trees in the Garden of Eden were also included in the term ירק עשב, seeing that man had been permitted to eat any plant that grew out of the earth. I explained the meaning of those words on Genesis 1,11
אשר הוא חי, these words refer to the fish. It is also possible to understand these words as if the letter ו had not been omitted at all, so that the word רמש would be a collective term for all living creatures (as in Genesis 1,21) so that the additional words אשר הוא חי, would compare living creatures now to vegetation in Genesis 1,30 when G’d permitted only ירק עשב, the higher ranking plants as food for the human species. The fruit of the trees in the Garden of Eden were also included in the term ירק עשב, seeing that man had been permitted to eat any plant that grew out of the earth. I explained the meaning of those words on Genesis 1,11
(א) ויאמר לא ידון רוחי באדם לעולם, אמר בלבו, או אמר לנח, ומלת לא ידון פרשה אאז"ל מן "יגרה מדון" (משלי י"ג) ר"ל לא יהיה רוחי העליוני שנפחתי באדם לא יהיה במריבה עוד לעולם עם הגוף, כי הגוף נמשך לתאות הבהמות וזה באשר הוא בשר ובתולדת הבשר שקועות וקבועות התאות, אאריך להם ק"כ שנה אם יחזרו בתשובה ואם לאו אכלה אותם מן העולם. ועוד פירשו בו מענין "וישב חרבו אל נדנה" (ד"ה כ"א כ"ז) שפרושו תער החרב, והיה מלת ידון ראויה להדגש לחסרון הנו"ן אלא שבא בה הנח תמורת הדגש כמו שבא במלת "ויזד יעקב נזיד" ופירוש לא יהיה הרוח בתוך נדנו שהוא הגוף אלא אוציא אותה ממנו ואכלה הרוח והגוף, ובב"ר (פ' כ"ו) אמר ר' ישמאל ב"ר יוסי אמר הקב"ה איני נותן רוחי בשעה שאני נותן מתן שכרן של צדיקים. ר' ינאי ור"ש ב"ל תרויהון אמרין אין גהינם לעתיד לבא אלא יום הוא שמלהט את הרשעים. ר"י ב"ר אילעי אמר לא יום ולא גיהנם אלא אש היא שתהיה יוצאת מגופן של רשעים ומלהטתן שנאמר (ישעיה ל"ג) "תהרו חשש תלדו קש רוחכם אש תאכל" ועוד כתבנו דבר אחד בענין גהנם בפסוק "וירא אלקים את כל אשר עשה והנה טוב מאד. אמר ר"י ב"ר אילעי לא ידון רוחי, אין הדורות (הרוחות) הללו נדונות לפני לעולם. ר' הונא בשם ר' אחא אמר לא ידון, בשעה שאני מחזיר הרוח לנדנה אין אני מחזיר רוחות אלו לנדיהם. ועוד אמרו (סנהדרין ק"ח) דור המבול אין חיין לעולם הבא, ואין נדונין שנאמר לא ידון רוחי באדם לעולם, לא רוח ולא דין.
(1) ויאמר ה' לא ידון רוחי באדם לעולם, G’d either said this to Himself, or to Noach. My father of blessed memory (Joseph Kimchi) explained the line לא ידון in the same sense as the word מדון in Proverbs 15,18 as referring to a struggle, strife. The soul G’d had blown into Adam’s nostrils was meant as an antidote to the pull of the raw material man was made of. The body, basically is in tow of the animalistic urges of the animals, something natural, seeing that man’s own body is made of the same raw material as are the animals. G’d now decided to grant man an extension of 120 years to do תשובה, repentance, failing which He would wipe out mankind from the earth. Other commentators, including Ibn Ezra, explain the word ידון as related to נדנה in Chronicles I 21,27 וישב חרבו אל נדנה, “he returned his sword to its sheath.” Actually, if correct, the word ידון should have been spelled with a dagesh in the letterד, replacing the missing letter נ, however, in this instance, instead of such a dagesh, the Torah simply omitted the letter נ at the beginning, as it did in Genesis 25,29 ויזד יעקב נזיד where the letter נ in front of the letter ז has also been omitted. At any rate, the meaning of the expression is that G’d would not let His spirit rest until both man’s body and spirit would be wiped out.
Rabbi Yishmael son of Yossi, (Bereshit Rabbah 26,6) understood this verse as G’d saying that when the time would come to share out reward to the righteous, these people would not participate in it. He was speaking of ידון in the sense of “passing judgment.” Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish as well as his colleague Rabbi Yannai, said that there is no such thing as the popular concept of a hell, gehinnom, lasting a long time, but that at the time when G’d passes out judgment the wicked will be burned by the fiery heat of a flame. They based themselves on Maleachi 3,19 הנה יום בא בוער כתנור, “here a day will come when the fire will burn as in a furnace.” The other sages said that there most certainly is such a thing as gehinnom, as we have a verse in Isaiah 31,9 נאום ה' אשר אור לו בציון ותנור לו בירושלים, “says the Lord Who has a fire in Zion and an oven in Jerusalem.” Rabbi Yehudah bar Ila-i claims there is neither a specific day, nor a specific place such as gehinnom, but fire will come forth from the very bodies of the wicked and will consume them with its heat. He based himself on Isaiah 33,11 תהרו חשש תלדו קש רוחכם אש תאכלתם, “you shall conceive hay, give birth to straw; My breath will devour you like fire.”
We have also written what the sages of the Midrash wrote concerning the matter of gehinnom in connection with Genesis 1,31 וירא אלוקים את כל אשר עשה והנה טוב מאד, “G’d saw all that He had made and here it was very good;” the point made there was that the word טוב refers to Gan Eden, whereas the expression טוב מאד, refers to gehinnom. [refer to page 72 in my translation. Ed.] Rabbi Yehudah in the name of Rabbi Ila-i (also in Bereshit Rabbah 26,6) interprets the words לא ידון רוחי עוד, that “these wicked spirits of man will never be allowed to come to rest before Me.” Various sages concur that the generation destroyed during the deluge will neither be judged for an afterlife during the time that the world awaits its own rejuvenation, nor will it be judged (if any are fit) to be resurrected in the world following the interval between our present world being turned into chaos and the subsequent resurrection of the deserving from the former world. (Sanhedrin 107)
Rabbi Yishmael son of Yossi, (Bereshit Rabbah 26,6) understood this verse as G’d saying that when the time would come to share out reward to the righteous, these people would not participate in it. He was speaking of ידון in the sense of “passing judgment.” Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish as well as his colleague Rabbi Yannai, said that there is no such thing as the popular concept of a hell, gehinnom, lasting a long time, but that at the time when G’d passes out judgment the wicked will be burned by the fiery heat of a flame. They based themselves on Maleachi 3,19 הנה יום בא בוער כתנור, “here a day will come when the fire will burn as in a furnace.” The other sages said that there most certainly is such a thing as gehinnom, as we have a verse in Isaiah 31,9 נאום ה' אשר אור לו בציון ותנור לו בירושלים, “says the Lord Who has a fire in Zion and an oven in Jerusalem.” Rabbi Yehudah bar Ila-i claims there is neither a specific day, nor a specific place such as gehinnom, but fire will come forth from the very bodies of the wicked and will consume them with its heat. He based himself on Isaiah 33,11 תהרו חשש תלדו קש רוחכם אש תאכלתם, “you shall conceive hay, give birth to straw; My breath will devour you like fire.”
We have also written what the sages of the Midrash wrote concerning the matter of gehinnom in connection with Genesis 1,31 וירא אלוקים את כל אשר עשה והנה טוב מאד, “G’d saw all that He had made and here it was very good;” the point made there was that the word טוב refers to Gan Eden, whereas the expression טוב מאד, refers to gehinnom. [refer to page 72 in my translation. Ed.] Rabbi Yehudah in the name of Rabbi Ila-i (also in Bereshit Rabbah 26,6) interprets the words לא ידון רוחי עוד, that “these wicked spirits of man will never be allowed to come to rest before Me.” Various sages concur that the generation destroyed during the deluge will neither be judged for an afterlife during the time that the world awaits its own rejuvenation, nor will it be judged (if any are fit) to be resurrected in the world following the interval between our present world being turned into chaos and the subsequent resurrection of the deserving from the former world. (Sanhedrin 107)
(ב) ברא. רובי ממפרשים אמרו שהבריאה להוציא יש מאין וכן אם בריאה יברא יי. והנה שכחו ויברא אלקים את התנינים ושלש בפסוק אחד ויברא אלקים את האדם. וברא חשך שהוא הפך האור שהוא יש וזה דקדוק המלה ברא לשני טעמים זה האחד והשני לא ברה אתם לחם. וזה השני יי'א תחת אלף כי כמוהו להברות את דוד כי הוא מהבנין הכבד הנוסף ואם היה באל''ף היה כמו להבריאכם ומצאנו מהבנין הכבד ובראת לך. ואיננו כמו ברו לכם איש רק כמו וברא אתהן. וטעמו לגזור ולשום גבול נגזר והמשכיל יבין
(2) “Created” – Most commentators have said that creation means bringing forth something from nothing, and thus: “But if Hashem will created a creation” [referring to something never seen before] Bamidbar 16:30. But they have forgotten “And G-d created the crocodiles” Bereshit 1:21, as well as three times in the same verse: “G-d created man in His image…” Bereshit 1:27; “and Who creates darkness” Isaiah 45:7 – which is the opposite of light, which is something. Now here is the precise grammar of the word barat - it has two meanings. One is as stated. The other: “He did not revive them with bread” Samuel II 12:17. In this second one, aleph is in place of hey, for similar to it is “And the whole people came to revive David” – this is in the hif’il verb construction. If it were with an aleph, it would be like “To revive you from the beginning of every grain-gift of Yisrael” Samuel I 2:29. We also find [the same root] in the pi’el verb construction: “You will clear for yourselves there” Joshua 17:15. It’s not like “choose for yourselves a man” Samuel I 17:8, rather like “And He BARAed them” Ezekiel 23:47. And its meaning is to cut, to place a divided border – and the enlightened will understand.
(א) פרה ורבה. ברכה כמעשה בראשית
(1) 1 Be fruitful and multiply. This is the same blessing as was given during the act of creation (Genesis 1:28).