- One orientation starts off with the cosmological, the philosophical, the majestic...
(א) בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹקִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֵ֥ת הָאָֽרֶץ׃
(1) When God began to create heaven and earth—
(כז) וַיִּבְרָ֨א אֱלֹקִ֤ים ׀ אֶת־הָֽאָדָם֙ בְּצַלְמ֔וֹ בְּצֶ֥לֶם אֱלֹקִ֖ים בָּרָ֣א אֹת֑וֹ זָכָ֥ר וּנְקֵבָ֖ה בָּרָ֥א אֹתָֽם׃
(27) And God created man in His image, in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them.
(א) יְסוֹד הַיְסוֹדוֹת וְעַמּוּד הַחָכְמוֹת לֵידַע שֶׁיֵּשׁ שָׁם מָצוּי רִאשׁוֹן. וְהוּא מַמְצִיא כָּל נִמְצָא. וְכָל הַנִּמְצָאִים מִשָּׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ וּמַה שֶּׁבֵּינֵיהֶם לֹא נִמְצְאוּ אֶלָּא מֵאֲמִתַּת הִמָּצְאוֹ:
(1) The foundation of foundations and the pillar of all wisdom is to know that there is a First Being, that He caused all beings to be, and that all beings from heaven and earth, and from between them, could not be save for the truth of His Own Being.
- The second orientation starts off in the middle of everyday life, אורח ארעא, with humble, earthly matters...
(ד) אֵ֣לֶּה תוֹלְד֧וֹת הַשָּׁמַ֛יִם וְהָאָ֖רֶץ בְּהִבָּֽרְאָ֑ם בְּי֗וֹם עֲשׂ֛וֹת ה' אֱלֹקִ֖ים אֶ֥רֶץ וְשָׁמָֽיִם׃
(ז) וַיִּיצֶר֩ ה' אֱלֹקִ֜ים אֶת־הָֽאָדָ֗ם עָפָר֙ מִן־הָ֣אֲדָמָ֔ה וַיִּפַּ֥ח בְּאַפָּ֖יו נִשְׁמַ֣ת חַיִּ֑ים וַֽיְהִ֥י הָֽאָדָ֖ם לְנֶ֥פֶשׁ חַיָּֽה׃
(א) יהודה בן תימא אומר הוי עז כנמר וקל כנשר ורץ כצבי וגבור כארי לעשות רצון אביך שבשמים... לכן צריך האדם להתגבר כארי לעמוד בבקר לעבודת בוראו ואף אם ישיאנו יצרו בחורף לאמר איך תעמוד בבקר כי הקור גדול או ישיאנו בקיץ לאמר איך תעמוד ממטתך ועדיין לא שבעת משנתך התגבר עליו לקום שתהא אתה מעורר השחר ולא יהא הוא מעירך כמו שאמר דוד ע"ה עורה כבודי עורה הנבל וכנור אעירה שחר אני מעיר השחר ואין השחר מעיר אותי
(1) Judah ben Tema says: "Be as strong as a panther, as light as an eagle, running like a gazelle and mighty as a lion to perform the will of your Father in heaven." (Avot 5:20)... Thus a person needs strengthen himself as a lion to stand in the morning for the service of his Creator, even if his evil impulse taunts him in winter, saying ‘How can you get up in the morning when the cold is so great?’ or taunts him in summer, saying ‘How can you get up from your bed when you have not had enough sleep?’ he should strengthen himself to rise, for you should awaken the dawn, but it should not awaken you, as David, peace be on him, stated “Awake, O my soul! Awake, O harp and lyre! I will wake the dawn” (Ps 57:9) ‘I awaken the dawn, but the dawn does not awaken me.’
- Now which orientation should take precedence in Judaism?
(יב) לֹ֥א בַשָּׁמַ֖יִם הִ֑וא לֵאמֹ֗ר מִ֣י יַעֲלֶה־לָּ֤נוּ הַשָּׁמַ֙יְמָה֙ וְיִקָּחֶ֣הָ לָּ֔נוּ וְיַשְׁמִעֵ֥נוּ אֹתָ֖הּ וְנַעֲשֶֽׂנָּה׃
אמר רבא בשעה שמכניסין אדם לדין אומרים לו נשאת ונתת באמונה קבעת עתים לתורה עסקת בפריה ורביה צפית לישועה פלפלת בחכמה הבנת דבר מתוך דבר ואפילו הכי אי יראת ה׳ היא אוצרו אין אי לא לא
Rava said: After departing from this world, when a person is brought to judgment for the life he lived in this world, they say to him: Did you conduct business faithfully? Did you designate times for Torah study? Did you engage in procreation? Did you await salvation? Did you engage in the dialectics of wisdom or understand one matter from another? And, nevertheless, beyond all these, if the fear of the Lord is his treasure, yes, he is worthy, and if not, no, none of these accomplishments have any value.
(א) כִּֽי־יִקַּ֥ח אִ֛ישׁ אִשָּׁ֖ה וּבְעָלָ֑הּ וְהָיָ֞ה אִם־לֹ֧א תִמְצָא־חֵ֣ן בְּעֵינָ֗יו כִּי־מָ֤צָא בָהּ֙ עֶרְוַ֣ת דָּבָ֔ר וְכָ֨תַב לָ֜הּ סֵ֤פֶר כְּרִיתֻת֙ וְנָתַ֣ן בְּיָדָ֔הּ וְשִׁלְּחָ֖הּ מִבֵּיתֽוֹ׃
(1) A man takes a wife and possesses her. She fails to please him because he finds something obnoxious about her, and he writes her a bill of divorcement, hands it to her, and sends her away from his house;
(א) כי יקח איש אשה. מלמד שהאשה נקנית בכסף...
(ב) ובעלה. מלמד שהאשה נקנית בבעילה...
(ג) ומנין אף בשטר? ... ת"ל וכתב לה ספר כריתות ונתן בידה ויצאה מביתו [וגו']. מקיש הויתה של זה ליציאתה של זה - מה יציאתה (מזה) בשטר, אף הויתה (מזה) בשטר.
(1) (Devarim 24:1) "If a man take a woman": We are hereby taught that a woman is acquired (as a wife) by money. For (without this verse) it would follow otherwise, viz.: If a Hebrew handmaid, who is not acquired by cohabitation is acquired by money, then a woman, who is acquired by cohabitation, how much more so should she be acquired by money! — (No,) this is refuted by the instance of a yevamah (leviratess), who is acquired by cohabitation, but is not acquired by money. Do not wonder, then, if a woman, who, though she is acquired by cohabitation were not to be acquired by money. It must, therefore, be written "If a man take a woman," to teach that a woman is acquired by money.
(2) "and he cohabit with her." We are hereby taught that a woman is acquired by cohabitation. For (without this verse) it would follow otherwise, viz.: If a yevamah, who is not acquired by money, is acquired by cohabitation, then a woman, who is acquired by money, how much more so should she be acquired by cohabitation! — (No,) this is refuted by the instance of a Hebrew handmaid, who is acquired by money, but is not acquired by cohabitation. Do not wonder, then, if a woman, who, though she is acquired by money, were not to be acquired by cohabitation. It must, therefore, be written "and he cohabit with her," to teach that a woman is acquired by cohabitation.
(3) And whence is it derived that she is also acquired by a writ (shtar)? It follows, viz.: If money, which does not release (a woman from marriage), acquires, then shtar (a writ [of divorce]), which does release a woman, how much more so should it acquire! (No,) this may be true of money, which acquires hekdesh (consecrated property) and second tithe, but not with shtar, which does not acquire hekdesh and second tithe. It must, therefore, be written (Ibid.) "then he shall write for her a scroll of divorce, and he shall place it into her hand, and he shall send her from his house. This one's coming in (to marriage) is compared to her going out (viz. Ibid. 2). Just as her going out is with a shtar (i.e., a get), so, her coming in.
(יג) וַיְדַבֵּ֨ר אֶל־עֶפְר֜וֹן בְּאָזְנֵ֤י עַם־הָאָ֙רֶץ֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר אַ֛ךְ אִם־אַתָּ֥ה ל֖וּ שְׁמָעֵ֑נִי נָתַ֜תִּי כֶּ֤סֶף הַשָּׂדֶה֙ קַ֣ח מִמֶּ֔נִּי וְאֶקְבְּרָ֥ה אֶת־מֵתִ֖י שָֽׁמָּה׃
(13) and spoke to Ephron in the hearing of the people of the land, saying, “If only you would hear me out! Let me pay the price of the land; accept it from me, that I may bury my dead there.”
(ח) וָאֶעֱבֹ֨ר עָלַ֜יִךְ וָאֶרְאֵ֗ךְ וְהִנֵּ֤ה עִתֵּךְ֙ עֵ֣ת דֹּדִ֔ים וָאֶפְרֹ֤שׂ כְּנָפִי֙ עָלַ֔יִךְ וָאֲכַסֶּ֖ה עֶרְוָתֵ֑ךְ וָאֶשָּׁ֣בַֽע לָ֠ךְ וָאָב֨וֹא בִבְרִ֜ית אֹתָ֗ךְ נְאֻ֛ם אדושם ה' וַתִּ֥הְיִי לִֽי׃
(8) when I passed by you [again] and saw that your time for love had arrived. So I spread My robe over you and covered your nakedness, and I entered into a covenant with you by oath—declares the Lord GOD; thus you became Mine.
- On the island of Elephantine (Yav in Hebrew), opposite Aswan, several hundred Aramaic papyri and ostraca have been discovered. They reveal the presence on the island and on the mainland (Syene) of a Jewish military colony serving Persian interests. They illustrate in detail what Jewish life was like in Persian Empire which ruled “from India to Nubia” (Est. 1:1).
- The Jews who made their way to Elephantine erected a magnificent Temple, with cedar roof and five stone gateways, probably taking their cue from the prophet Isaiah (19:19), who prophesied: “In that day, there shall be an altar to the Lord inside the land of Egypt and a pillar to the Lord at its border.” The Elephantine Jews observed the Sabbath, celebrated Passover and gave their children Hebrew names.
- The contracts found span the fifth century b.c.e., the earliest having been drawn up on October 22, 495 and the latest on June 21, 400.

(ד) רִ֤יבוּ בְאִמְּכֶם֙ רִ֔יבוּ כִּֽי־הִיא֙ לֹ֣א אִשְׁתִּ֔י וְאָנֹכִ֖י לֹ֣א אִישָׁ֑הּ וְתָסֵ֤ר זְנוּנֶ֙יהָ֙ מִפָּנֶ֔יה וְנַאֲפוּפֶ֖יהָ מִבֵּ֥ין שָׁדֶֽיהָ׃


