A Synagogue For All
Theodotos Synagogue Inscription (Pre-70)
Theodotos, son of Vettenus, priest and ruler of the synagogue [archisynagogos], son of a ruler of the synagogue [archisynagogos], grandson of a ruler of the synagogue [archisynagogos], built the synagogue [synagogÏ] for the reading of the law and the teaching of the commandments, and also the guest chamber and the upper rooms and the ritual pools of water for accommodating those needing them from abroad, which his fathers, the elders [presbyteroi] and Simonides founded.

Synagogue as Financial Network

(ד) אמר רבי יהודה כל שלא ראה בדפלסכיון של אלכסנדריא של מצרים לא ראה כבוד לישראל מימיו כמין בסלקי גדולה היתה סטיו לפנים מסטיו פעמים היה שם כפלים כיוצאי מצרים ושבעים ואחת קתדראות של זהב היו שם כנגד ע' וא' זקן כל אחת מעשרים וחמש ריבוא ובימה של עץ באמצע וחזן הכנסת עומד והסודרין בידו החל לקרות והלה מניף בסודרין והיו עונין אמן על כל ברכה וברכה ולא היו יושבין מעורבבין אלא זהביים בפני עצמן וכספיים בפני עצמן וגרדיים בפני עצמן וטרסיים בפני עצמן ונפחיים בפני עצמן וכל כך למה כדי שיהא אכסניא בא ונטפל לאומנתו ומשם פרנסה יוצאה.

R. Judah said: Whomever has not seen the double stoa of the [synagogue in] Alexandria has never in his life seen the glory of Israel. It is a kind of large basilica, a stoa within a stoa, holding, at times, twice the number of those who left Egypt. And seventy-one thrones of gold were there for seventy-one elders, each of them worth twenty-five talents and a wooden platform was in the middle. And a chazzan of the synagouge stood on it with kerchiefs in his hand. When one took hold [of the Torah] to read, he would wave the kerchiefs and they would answer, 'amen'. And they would not sit randomly, but goldsmiths would sit by themselves, silversmiths by themselves, weavers by themselves, Tarsian weavers by themselves, and blacksmiths by themselves. And why to such an extent? So that if a visitor comes he can make contact with his trade and thus he will be able to make a living.

Synagogue as Rabbinic Platform

רבי זבדיה חתניה דרבי לוי הוה משתעי הדין עובדא ר' מאיר הוה יליף דריש בכנישתא דחמתא כל לילי שובא והוה תמה חדא איתתא יליפה שמעה קלי'. חד זמן עני דריש אזלת בעית מיעול לבייתה ואשכחת בוצינא מיטפי אמר לה בעלה הן הויית'. אמרה ליה מישמעא קליה דדרושא. אמר להמכך וכך דלית ההיא איתתא עללה להכא לבייתה עד זמן דהיא אזלה ורקקה גו אפוי דדרושא. צפה ר"מ ברוח הקודש ועבד גרמיה חשש בעייניה. אמר כל איתתא דידעה מילחוש לעיינה תיתי תילחושי. אמרין לה מגירתא הא ענייתיך תיעלין לביתיך עבדי גרמיך לחשה ליה ואת רקקה גו עייניה. אתת לגביה אמר לה חכמה את מילחוש לעיינא. מאימתיה עליה אמרה ליה לא. אמר לה ורוקקין בגויה שבע זימנין והוא טב ליה. מן דרקקת אמר לה אזלין אמרין לבעליך חד זמן אמרת ליה והיא רקקה שבעה זימנין. אמרו לו תלמידיו רבי כך מבזין את התורה. אילו אמרת לן לא הוינן מייתי ליה ומלקין ליה ספסליה ומרציין ומרצייה ליה לאיתתיה. אמר לון ולא יהא כבוד מאיר ככבוד קונו. ומה אם שם הקודש שנכתב בקדושה אמר הכתוב שיימחה על המים בשביל להטיל שלום בין איש לאשתו. וכבוד מאיר לא כל שכן

Rebbi Zevadiah the son-in-law of Rebbi Levi, reported the following happening. Rebbi Meir used to preach in the synagogue of Hamataevery Friday evening. There was a woman who used to hear him. Once he extended his sermon. She went and wanted to come to her house but found the light had gone out. Her husband asked her, where have you been? She said to him, to hear the preacher's voice. He said to her, so and so, that this woman will not enter here into her house unless she went and spat into the preacher's face. Rebbi Meir saw this in the holy spiritand faked pain in his eyes. He said, any woman who knows charms for the eye should come and do the charm. Her neighbors said to her, this answers your needs. Go to your house, represent yourself as a sorceress and spit in his eye. She came to him; he asked her, do you know to make a charm for the eye? In her fear of him, she said no. He said to her, if you spit into it seven times, he will feel better. After she had spat, he said to her: Go, and tell your husband, you said to me once, but she spat seven times! His students said to him, so does one denigrate the Torah? If you had ordered about him, would we not have brought him, whipped him on the footstool, and make him agree to make up with his wife? He said to them, the honor of Meir should not be greater than that of his Maker. Since the verse says that the Holy Name, written in holiness, should be erased by the water in order to make peace between husband and wife, the honor of Meir not so much more?

Synagogue as Rabbinic Study Space

אמר רבי יוחנן ברית כרותה היא היגע תלמודו בבית הכנסת לא במהרה הוא משכח

Rebbi Yohanan said: A covenant is sealed that he who labors at his studies in the synagogue will not quickly forget.

Liturgical Tension

(ט) האומר: יברכוך טובים, הרי זו דרך המינות. על קן צפור יגיעו רחמיך, ועל טוב יזכר שמך, מודים מודים - משתקין אותו. המכנה בעריות, משתקין אותו. האומר: ומזרעך לא תתן להעביר למלך, ומזרעך לא תתן לאעברא בארמיותא, משתקין אותו בנזיפה.

(9) One who says: "The good shall bless you," this is Minut. "Because of the nest of birds let your mercies extend," or, "For thy goodness be thy name remembered," or "Modim," "Modim," silence him. On who allegorizes (?) the Arayot, silence him. One who says (Lev. 18:21), Umizaracho lo titen laehavir lamolech mean "You shalt not give your seed to impregnate an Aramean," silence him strongly!

(כא) וּמִן זַרְעָךְ לָא תִתֵּן בְּתַשְׁמִישְׁתָּה לְצֵיד בַּת עַמְמִין לְמָעְבְרָא לְפוּלְחָנָא אוֹחְרָא

And from your seed do not give in intercourse to a daughter of the nations to become pregnant for an idol.

Synagogue and Gentiles
Donation by Julia (150 CE)
This building was erected by Julia Severa; P(ublius) Tyrronios Clados, ruler of the synagogue for life [archisynagÔgos dia biou], and Lucius, son of Lucius, ruler of the synagogue [archisynagÔgos], and Popilios Zoticos, ruler [archÔn], restored it with their own funds and with money which had been contributed: they painted the walls and the ceiling, and they secured the windows and made all the rest of the ornamentation; and the congregation [synagÔgÏ] honoured them with a golden shield on account of their virtuous disposition, goodwill and zeal for the congregation [synagÔgÏ].
Donation in Name of Gentile (226-221 BCE)
On behalf of King Ptolemy, son of Ptolemy, and Queen Berenice his wife, and his sister, and their children, the Jews of Crocodilopolis dedicated the prayer hall [ proseuchÏ ] and....
The GodFearers - Aphrodisias Inscription
God, helper of those who offer food, those set out below from the decury of the lovers of learning, known too as a constant in blessing for prevention of sorrow, founded it for the community at their own expense as a memorial: Yael, the patron with the son Joshua the ruler. Theodotus the former official with son Hilarianus. Samuel, Archdean, a convert. Joseph son of Jesse. Benjamin the Psalm-Singer. Yose the convert. Judas the good-natured. Sabbatius son of Amachius. Emmonius, God-fearer. Antoninus, God-fearer ... Eugenus, goldsmith ... Oxycholius the elder ... Eusabbathius the green-grocer ...
And all those who are God-fearers: (followed by long list of over 100 names, including nine city councilors.)

God-Fearers in Midrash

(ב)נפש כי תקריב קרבן מנחה ליהוה - (תהלים כב): יראי יהוה הללוהו כל זרע יעקב כבדוהו. יראי יהוה אר' יהושע בן לוי: אלו יראי שמים. רבי ישמעאל בר נחמן אמר: אלו גרי צדק.

"Anyone who brings a meal offering to God." "Praise him, O God-Fearers; honor him, all seed of Jacob" (Ps 22:24). "God-Fearers" R. Joshua b. Levi says, these are the Fearers of Heaven. R. Ishmael b. Nachman says, these are true converts.

Christian Synagogue Goers
John Chrysostom, Discourses against the Jews, Homily 1
"What is this disease? The festival of the pitiful and miserable Jews are soon to march upon us one after another and in quick succession: the Feast of Trumpets, the feast of Tabernacles, and fasts. There are many in our ranks who say they think as we do. Yet some of these are going to watch the festivals, and others will join the Jews in keeping their feasts and observing their fasts." (1.1.3)
"Now when they fast, they go in for excesses and the ultimate licentiousness, dancing with bare feet in the marketplace ... they drag into the synagogue the whole theater, actors and all. For there is no difference between the theater and the Synagogue" (1.2.7)
"Three days ago - believe me, I am not lying - I saw a free woman of good bearing, modest and a believer. A brutal unfeeling man, reputed to be a Christian ... was forcing her to enter the shrine of the Jews and to swear an oath about some matters under dispute with him ... I asked him why he rejected to Church and dragged the woman to the place where the Hebrews assembled. He answered me that many people had told him that oaths sworn there were more to be feared" (1.3.4-5).
"Since there are some who think of the Synagogue as a holy place, I must say a few words to them. Why do you reverence that place? Must you not despise it, hold it in abomination, run away from it? They answer that the Law and the books of the prophets are kept there" (1.5.2).
"Finally, if the ceremonies of the Jews move you to admiration, who do you have in common with us? If the Jewish ceremonies are venerable and great, ours are lies. But if ours are true, as they are true, theirs are filled with deceit" (1.6.5).