Pirke Avot, Chapter 6 (selections)

שָׁנוּ חֲכָמִים בִּלְשׁוֹן הַמִּשְׁנָה, בָּרוּךְ שֶׁבָּחַר בָּהֶם וּבְמִשְׁנָתָם:


רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר כָּל הָעוֹסֵק בַּתּוֹרָה לִשְׁמָהּ, זוֹכֶה לִדְבָרִים הַרְבֵּה. וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁכָּל הָעוֹלָם כֻּלּוֹ כְדַי הוּא לוֹ. נִקְרָא רֵעַ, אָהוּב, אוֹהֵב אֶת הַמָּקוֹם, אוֹהֵב אֶת הַבְּרִיּוֹת, מְשַׂמֵּחַ אֶת הַמָּקוֹם, מְשַׂמֵּחַ אֶת הַבְּרִיּוֹת. וּמַלְבַּשְׁתּוֹ עֲנָוָה וְיִרְאָה, וּמַכְשַׁרְתּוֹ לִהְיוֹת צַדִּיק וְחָסִיד וְיָשָׁר וְנֶאֱמָן, וּמְרַחַקְתּוֹ מִן הַחֵטְא, וּמְקָרַבְתּוֹ לִידֵי זְכוּת, וְנֶהֱנִין מִמֶּנּוּ עֵצָה וְתוּשִׁיָּה בִּינָה וּגְבוּרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "לִי עֵצָה וְתוּשִׁיָּה אֲנִי בִינָה לִי גְבוּרָה." (משלי ח) וְנוֹתֶנֶת לוֹ מַלְכוּת וּמֶמְשָׁלָה וְחִקּוּר דִּין, וּמְגַלִּין לוֹ רָזֵי תוֹרָה, וְנַעֲשֶׂה כְמַעְיָן הַמִּתְגַּבֵּר וּכְנָהָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ פוֹסֵק, וֶהֱוֵי צָנוּעַ וְאֶרֶךְ רוּחַ, וּמוֹחֵל עַל עֶלְבּוֹנוֹ, וּמְגַדַּלְתּוֹ וּמְרוֹמַמְתּוֹ עַל כָּל הַמַּעֲשִׂים:

The sages taught in the language of the mishnah. Blessed is the one who chose them and their teaching.

Rabbi Meir said, "Whoever occupies himself with the [study of] Torah for its own sake, merits many things. Not only that, but the whole world is worth his sake. He is called friend, beloved, one who loves God; one who loves humankind, one pleases God, one who pleases humankind. And [the Torah] clothes him in humility and reverence, and prepares him to be righteous, pious, upright and trustworthy, and it keeps him far from sin, and brings him near to merit, and people benefit from his counsel and sound wisdom, understanding and strength, as it is said, “Counsel and sound wisdom is mine; I am understanding, strength is mine.” (Proverbs 8:14) And it gives him royalty, dominion, and acuteness in judgment, and reveals to him the secrets of the Torah, and makes him become like an ever-flowing spring, like a stream that never ceases, and he becomes modest and patient, and forgiving of insult, and [the Torah]makes him and raises him above all things.

Pirke Avot: A Modern Commentary on Jewish Ethics, edited and translated by

Leonard Kravitz and Kerry M. Olitzky, New York: UAHC Press, 1993. p. 97

Blessed be the One. While it is generally assumed to refer to God, some suggest that "the one" refers either to the individual who studies or the person who chose this particular chapter to study.

גְּדוֹלָה תוֹרָה יוֹתֵר מִן הַכְּהֻנָּה וּמִן הַמַּלְכוּת, שֶׁהַמַּלְכוּת נִקְנֵית בִּשְׁלֹשִׁים מַעֲלוֹת, וְהַכְּהֻנָּה בְּעֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבַּע, וְהַתּוֹרָה נִקְנֵית בְּאַרְבָּעִים וּשְׁמֹנָה דְבָרִים. וְאֵלוּ הֵן, בְּתַלְמוּד, בִּשְׁמִיעַת הָאֹזֶן, בַּעֲרִיכַת שְׂפָתַיִם, בְּבִינַת הַלֵּב, בְּשִׂכְלוּת הַלֵּב, בְּאֵימָה, בְּיִרְאָה, בַּעֲנָוָה, בְּשִׂמְחָה, בְּטָהֳרָה, בְּשִׁמּוּשׁ חֲכָמִים, בְּדִקְדּוּק חֲבֵרִים, וּבְפִלְפּוּל הַתַּלְמִידִים, בְּיִשּׁוּב, בַּמִּקְרָא, בַּמִּשְׁנָה, בְּמִעוּט סְחוֹרָה, בְּמִעוּט דֶּרֶךְ אֶרֶץ, בְּמִעוּט תַּעֲנוּג, בְּמִעוּט שֵׁינָה, בְּמִעוּט שִׂיחָה, בְּמִעוּט שְׂחוֹק, בְּאֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם, בְּלֵב טוֹב, בֶּאֱמוּנַת חֲכָמִים, וּבְקַבָּלַת הַיִּסּוּרִין, הַמַּכִּיר אֶת מְקוֹמוֹ, וְהַשָּׂמֵחַ בְּחֶלְקוֹ, וְהָעוֹשֶׂה סְיָג לִדְבָרָיו, וְאֵינוֹ מַחֲזִיק טוֹבָה לְעַצְמוֹ, אָהוּב, אוֹהֵב אֶת הַמָּקוֹם, אוֹהֵב אֶת הַבְּרִיּוֹת, אוֹהֵב אֶת הַצְּדָקוֹת, אוֹהֵב אֶת הַמֵּישָׁרִים, אוֹהֵב אֶת הַתּוֹכָחוֹת, מִתְרַחֵק מִן הַכָּבוֹד, וְלֹא מֵגִיס לִבּוֹ בְתַלְמוּדוֹ, וְאֵינוֹ שָׂמֵחַ בְּהוֹרָאָה, נוֹשֵׂא בְעֹל עִם חֲבֵרוֹ, מַכְרִיעוֹ לְכַף זְכוּת, מַעֲמִידוֹ עַל הָאֱמֶת, וּמַעֲמִידוֹ עַל הַשָּׁלוֹם, מִתְיַשֵּׁב לִבּוֹ בְתַלְמוּדוֹ, שׁוֹאֵל וּמֵשִׁיב, שׁוֹמֵעַ וּמוֹסִיף, הַלּוֹמֵד עַל מְנָת לְלַמֵּד וְהַלּוֹמֵד עַל מְנָת לַעֲשׂוֹת, הַמַּחְכִּים אֶת רַבּוֹ, וְהַמְכַוֵּן אֶת שְׁמוּעָתוֹ, וְהָאוֹמֵר דָּבָר בְּשֵׁם אוֹמְרוֹ, הָא לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁכָּל הָאוֹמֵר דָּבָר בְּשֵׁם אוֹמְרוֹ מֵבִיא גְאֻלָּה לָעוֹלָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וַתֹּאמֶר אֶסְתֵּר לַמֶּלֶךְ בְּשֵׁם מָרְדֳּכָי: (אסתר ב)

Greater is learning Torah than the priesthood and than royalty, for royalty is acquired by thirty stages, and the priesthood by twenty-four, but the Torah is acquired by forty-eight things, and these are: by study, by attentive listening, by orderly speech, by an understanding heart, by a perceptive heart, by awe, by fear, by humility, by joy, by purity, by service to the sages, by critical give and take with colleagues, by fine argumentation with disciples, by calm thinking, by [study of] bible, by [study of] mishnah, by moderation in business, by moderation in worldly matters, by moderation in pleasure, by moderation in sleep, by moderation in conversation, by moderation in laugher, by patience, by generosity, by trust in the sages, by acceptance of suffering. The one who recognizes his place and who rejoices in his portion, and who makes a fence around his words, and who takes no credit for himself, who is loved, who loves God, who loves [his fellow] creatures, who loves righteous ways, who loves upright ways, who loves reproof, who keeps himself far from honor, and who does not let his heart become swelled by his learning, and who does not delight in giving legal decisions, who shares in bearing a burden with his colleague, who influences him favorably, who leads him on to truth, and who leads him on to peace, who composes himself at his study, who asks and answers [questions], who listens and adds, who learns in order to teach, and who learns in order to practice, who makes his teacher wiser and who is exact in what he has learned, and who quotes a teaching in the name of the one who said it. Thus you have learned: quoting a teaching in the name of the one who said it brings deliverance into the world, as it is said, “And Esther told the king in Mordecai’s name.” (Esther 2:22)

Pirke Avot: A Modern Commentary on Jewish Ethics, edited and translated by

Leonard Kravitz and Kerry M. Olitzky, New York: UAHC Press, 1993. p. 101-102

Variant texts of this baraita contain the list of required items in a different order. This is a comparison between status that is hereditary (i.e., priesthood and royalty) and status that is earned. The status of a scholar (based on learning alone) promotes the notion that the crown of the Torah is greater than the crown of either the priest or the king. At the time this text was written, there was neither a functioning priesthood nor a functioning kingship in the Jewish community. Nevertheless, Torah study became a means of democratization. Only a certain lineage could be a priest, but anyone could become a scholar.

Rashi refers the reader to I Samuel 8 for a list of the qualities required of a king. He directly relates twenty-four qualities of the priest to the twenty-four kinds of offerings to which a priest is entitled.

Service to the sages. Rabbi Yochanan said in the name of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai, "It is even better to minister to the teacher of the Law than to study it." (B. Talmud, Berachot 7b)

A baraita states, "Others say, 'If one has studied Torah and Mishnah but has not served the sages, that one is [still] an am haaretz. (Berachot 47b)

Pirke Avot: A Modern Commentary on Jewish Ethics, edited and translated by

Leonard Kravitz and Kerry M. Olitzky, New York: UAHC Press, 1993. p. 102

Who makes one's teacher wiser. That the teacher might say as did Rabbi Chanina, "I have learned much from my teachers. I have learned more from my colleagues than from my teachers. But I have learned more from my students than from all of them." (B. Talmud, Taanit 7a)