Torah for Lunch, Korach 5782 Limits of Disagreement, Limits of Speech

כָּל מַחֲלֹקֶת שֶׁהִיא לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם, סוֹפָהּ לְהִתְקַיֵּם. וְשֶׁאֵינָהּ לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם, אֵין סוֹפָהּ לְהִתְקַיֵּם. אֵיזוֹ הִיא מַחֲלֹקֶת שֶׁהִיא לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם, זוֹ מַחֲלֹקֶת הִלֵּל וְשַׁמַּאי. וְשֶׁאֵינָהּ לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם, זוֹ מַחֲלֹקֶת קֹרַח וְכָל עֲדָתוֹ:

Pirkei Avot 5:17

Every dispute that is for the sake of Heaven, will in the end endure; But one that is not for the sake of Heaven, will not endure. Which is the controversy that is for the sake of Heaven? Such was the controversy of Hillel and Shammai. And which is the controversy that is not for the sake of Heaven? Such was the controversy of Korah and all his congregation.

במדבר ט״ז:א׳-י״ב

(א) וַיִּקַּ֣ח קֹ֔רַח בֶּן־יִצְהָ֥ר בֶּן־קְהָ֖ת בֶּן־לֵוִ֑י וְדָתָ֨ן וַאֲבִירָ֜ם בְּנֵ֧י אֱלִיאָ֛ב וְא֥וֹן בֶּן־פֶּ֖לֶת בְּנֵ֥י רְאוּבֵֽן׃ (ב) וַיָּקֻ֙מוּ֙ לִפְנֵ֣י מֹשֶׁ֔ה וַאֲנָשִׁ֥ים מִבְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל חֲמִשִּׁ֣ים וּמָאתָ֑יִם נְשִׂיאֵ֥י עֵדָ֛ה קְרִאֵ֥י מוֹעֵ֖ד אַנְשֵׁי־שֵֽׁם׃ (ג) וַיִּֽקָּהֲל֞וּ עַל־מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְעַֽל־אַהֲרֹ֗ן וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ אֲלֵהֶם֮ רַב־לָכֶם֒ כִּ֤י כׇל־הָֽעֵדָה֙ כֻּלָּ֣ם קְדֹשִׁ֔ים וּבְתוֹכָ֖ם ה' וּמַדּ֥וּעַ תִּֽתְנַשְּׂא֖וּ עַל־קְהַ֥ל ה'׃ (ד) וַיִּשְׁמַ֣ע מֹשֶׁ֔ה וַיִּפֹּ֖ל עַל־פָּנָֽיו׃ (ה) וַיְדַבֵּ֨ר אֶל־קֹ֜רַח וְאֶֽל־כׇּל־עֲדָתוֹ֮ לֵאמֹר֒ בֹּ֠קֶר וְיֹדַ֨ע ה' אֶת־אֲשֶׁר־ל֛וֹ וְאֶת־הַקָּד֖וֹשׁ וְהִקְרִ֣יב אֵלָ֑יו וְאֵ֛ת אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִבְחַר־בּ֖וֹ יַקְרִ֥יב אֵלָֽיו׃ (ו) זֹ֖את עֲשׂ֑וּ קְחוּ־לָכֶ֣ם מַחְתּ֔וֹת קֹ֖רַח וְכׇל־עֲדָתֽוֹ׃ (ז) וּתְנ֣וּ בָהֵ֣ן ׀ אֵ֡שׁ וְשִׂ֩ימוּ֩ עֲלֵיהֶ֨ן ׀ קְטֹ֜רֶת לִפְנֵ֤י ה' מָחָ֔ר וְהָיָ֗ה הָאִ֛ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־יִבְחַ֥ר ה' ה֣וּא הַקָּד֑וֹשׁ רַב־לָכֶ֖ם בְּנֵ֥י לֵוִֽי׃ (ח) וַיֹּ֥אמֶר מֹשֶׁ֖ה אֶל־קֹ֑רַח שִׁמְעוּ־נָ֖א בְּנֵ֥י לֵוִֽי׃ (ט) הַמְעַ֣ט מִכֶּ֗ם כִּֽי־הִבְדִּיל֩ אֱלֹקֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֤ל אֶתְכֶם֙ מֵעֲדַ֣ת יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל לְהַקְרִ֥יב אֶתְכֶ֖ם אֵלָ֑יו לַעֲבֹ֗ד אֶת־עֲבֹדַת֙ מִשְׁכַּ֣ן ה' וְלַעֲמֹ֛ד לִפְנֵ֥י הָעֵדָ֖ה לְשָׁרְתָֽם׃ (י) וַיַּקְרֵב֙ אֹֽתְךָ֔ וְאֶת־כׇּל־אַחֶ֥יךָ בְנֵי־לֵוִ֖י אִתָּ֑ךְ וּבִקַּשְׁתֶּ֖ם גַּם־כְּהֻנָּֽה׃ (יא) לָכֵ֗ן אַתָּה֙ וְכׇל־עֲדָ֣תְךָ֔ הַנֹּעָדִ֖ים עַל־ה' וְאַהֲרֹ֣ן מַה־ה֔וּא כִּ֥י (תלונו) [תַלִּ֖ינוּ] עָלָֽיו׃ (יב) וַיִּשְׁלַ֣ח מֹשֶׁ֔ה לִקְרֹ֛א לְדָתָ֥ן וְלַאֲבִירָ֖ם בְּנֵ֣י אֱלִיאָ֑ב וַיֹּאמְר֖וּ לֹ֥א נַעֲלֶֽה׃

Numbers 16:1-12

(1) Now Korah, son of Izhar son of Kohath son of Levi, betook himself, along with Dathan and Abiram sons of Eliab, and On son of Peleth—descendants of Reuben — (2) to rise up against Moses, together with two hundred and fifty Israelites, chieftains of the community, chosen in the assembly, men of repute. (3) They combined against Moses and Aaron and said to them, “You have gone too far! For all the community are holy, all of them, and ה' is in their midst. Why then do you raise yourselves above The Lord's congregation?” (4) When Moses heard this, he fell on his face. (5) Then he spoke to Korah and all his company, saying, “Come morning, The Lord will make known who is [God’s] and who is holy by granting direct access; the one whom [God] has chosen will be granted access. (6) Do this: You, Korah and all your band, take fire pans, (7) and tomorrow put fire in them and lay incense on them before ה'. Then the candidate whom ה' chooses, he shall be the holy one. You have gone too far, sons of Levi!” (8) Moses said further to Korah, “Hear me, sons of Levi. (9) Is it not enough for you that the God of Israel has set you apart from the community of Israel and given you direct access, to perform the duties of יהוה’s Tabernacle and to minister to the community and serve them? (10) Now that [God] has advanced you and all your fellow Levites with you, do you seek the priesthood too? (11) Truly, it is against ה' that you and all your company have banded together. For who is Aaron that you should rail against him?” (12) Moses sent for Dathan and Abiram, sons of Eliab; but they said, “We will not come!

במדבר רבה י״ח:ט׳

כָּל הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלּוּ פִּיֵּס משֶׁה לְקֹרַח, וְאֵין אַתְּ מוֹצֵא שֶׁהֱשִׁיבוֹ דָּבָר, לְפִי שֶׁהָיָה פִּקֵּחַ בְּרִשְׁעוֹ, אָמַר אִם אֲנִי מְשִׁיבוֹ יוֹדֵעַ אֲנִי בּוֹ שֶׁהוּא חָכָם גָּדוֹל וְעַכְשָׁו יְקַפְּחֵנִי בִּדְבָרָיו וַאֲנִי מִתְרַצֶּה לוֹ בְּעַל כָּרְחִי, מוּטָב שֶׁלֹא אֶזָקֵק לוֹ. כְּשֶׁרָאָה משֶׁה שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ תּוֹעֶלֶת פֵּרַשׁ הֵימֶנּוּ.

Bamidbar Rabbah 18:9

With all these words Moses [tried to] appease Korah, but you do not find that he gave him any answer. Because he was clever in his wickedness, he said [to himself], “If I answer him, I know that, since he has great wisdom, he will now overwhelm me with his words and seduce me into being reconciled with him against my will. It is [hence] better that I not respond to him.” When Moses saw that there was nothing to be gained with him, he withdrew from him.

Maharal, the great sixteenth-century philosopher and commentator on the Torah, offers a striking insight into the nature of machloket.19 Usually translated “dispute” or “dissension,” this is the vice that is associated in midrashic sources with Korach. Maharal characterizes the personality type, ba’alei machloket, “masters of dissension,” “schismatics,” as those who, in the words of the Talmud, “set all their words upon din [strict law].” The paradigm for this is the generation of the Destruction of the Second Temple, whose pathology is defined in this way. Like that generation, Korach’s discourse is one of total rightness, of uncompromising and transparent righteousness. Such people bring ruin upon the world: inflexible, unyielding, they are incapable of “going beyond the strict line of law.” This type is kulo din, unequivocal, all of a piece, and inevitably he brings destruction on himself and others. His proper place is Gehinnom, the underworld, where all language is silenced.
Zornberg, Avivah Gottlieb. Bewilderments: Reflections on the Book of Numbers (pp. 181-182). Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.

In the view of the midrash, Moses attempts to make peace with Korach, who is too canny to respond. Korach considers Moses’ power with words to be dangerous, seductive. Perhaps it is language itself that he senses as treacherous: better to avoid any relationship in which communication is given free play. Observing that there is “no good [lit., no benefit] to be got of him,” Moses turns to Dathan and Aviram. What had Moses hoped for in addressing Korach? At best, presumably, to win him over, convince him to abandon his rebellion. But perhaps Moses had hoped at least, simply, for dialogue, for words in reply to his words. Compelled to abandon this project, he turns to the other rebels, where he fares just as poorly. Dathan and Aviram do in fact technically reply to Moses’ overture, but the gist of their reply is Lo na’aleh—We will not come up! In other words, they use words to refuse dialogue, ending their scathing speech by repeating Lo na’aleh! Their reply is a verbal sneer.
Zornberg, Avivah Gottlieb. Bewilderments: Reflections on the Book of Numbers (p. 175). Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.

Moses’ angry reaction to their repudiation becomes in the midrash a deep grief.9 In the midrash, this is presented as a normal human reaction to being ignored by another. But, we may remember, Moses has particular reason to be pained by such an experience. In terms of his personal history, when his overtures fall on deaf ears his worst fears are fulfilled. At the Burning Bush, at the very beginning of his mission, he had shied away from God’s call with the words: “But they will not believe me, they will not listen to my voice, they will say: God never appeared to you!” (Exod. 4:1). Pleading his inability to make the people listen to him, he went on to use idioms and metaphors to convey his rejection of God’s mission: “Please, O God, I have never been a man of words, neither yesterday nor the day before, nor now that You have spoken to Your servant; I am heavy of speech and heavy of tongue” (v. 10). “Moses spoke to God, saying, ‘The Israelites would not listen to me; how then should Pharaoh listen to me, a man of uncircumcised lips!’ ” (6:12). When he complains of being unable to speak, he means he is unable to make people listen to him. If the other refuses to respond, clearly communication has failed. To speak in the fullest sense is to make the other speak, to elicit a response.10 It is this nexus of communication that from the outset arouses dread in Moses. Now, in his scene with the rebels, it seems that his dread is realized in the most painful way. Reaching out to them, his gesture meeting with no response,
Zornberg, Avivah Gottlieb. Bewilderments: Reflections on the Book of Numbers (p. 176). Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.

רש"י על במדבר כ״ג:ט׳:ג׳

ובגוים לא יתחשב. כְּתַרְגּוּמוֹ, לֹא יִהְיוּ נַעֲשִׂין כָּלָה עִם שְׁאָר הָאֻמּוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיהו ל') "כִּי אֶעֱשֶׂה כָלָה בְּכָל הַגּוֹיִם" וְגוֹ', אֵינָן נִמְנִין עִם הַשְּׁאָר. דָּ"אַ — כְּשֶׁהֵן שְׂמֵחִין אֵין אֻמָּה שְׂמֵחָה עִמָּהֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "ה' בָּדָד יַנְחֶנּוּ" (דברים ל"ב), וּכְשֶׁהָאֻמּוֹת בְּטוֹבָה הֵן אוֹכְלִין עִם כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד וְאֵין עוֹלֶה לָהֶם מִן הַחֶשְׁבּוֹן, וְזֶהוּ ובגוים לא יתחשב (תנחומא):

Rashi on Numbers 23:9:3

ובגוים לא יתחשב AND SHALL NOT RECKON ITSELF AMONG THE NATIONS — Understand this as the Targum does — They will not be exterminated with the other nations, as it is said, ( 30:11) “For I will make a full end of all the nations [… but I will not make a full end of thee]”. The words therefore mean: They do not come under the same reckoning (לא יתחשב) with other nations. — Another explanation is: When they rejoice, no other nation rejoices with them, as it is said, (Deuteronomy 32:12) “The Lord will lead him alone to future bliss”, and when the nations are in prosperity they (the Israelites) eat with each one of them and yet it is not taken into account or them thereby to diminish their reward in the future life; and this is the meaning of ובגוים לא יתחשב (“and when they enjoy with the nations it is not taken into account) (Midrash Tanchuma, Balak 12).

העמק דבר על במדבר כ״ג:ט׳:ג׳

הן עם לבדד ישכון. לא כדרך כל אומה ולשון כשהולכים בגולה ומתערבים עם המגלים אותם משיגים בזה אהבה וחשיבות כל אחד בעיניהם יותר משהיו נפרדים מהם. אבל לא כן עם ישראל כשהוא לבדד. ואינו מתערב עמהם ישכון במנוחה ובכבוד. וראו כל עמי הארץ כי שם ה׳ נקרא עליו ואין איש מתחרה עמו:

Haamek Davar on Numbers 23:9:3

...

David Glickman