Chanukah #2 - The Story (Teacher)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_g1xE2ZTkRg

Opening question: What did the Greeks have against the Jews? They were conquering tons of land, accepting of many cultures, yet to the Jews, they made issues? What was this war really all about? Political autonomy (and the Jews are for some reason the sckers,) or was there something else?...

Notice: which laws they outlawed, and how the rabbis choose to describe the story

The Story:

ספר מקבים א א׳:מ״א-מ״ט

(מא) ותרב חרפתה וקלונה מתפארתה והדריה.

(מב) ויכתוב המלך אנטיוכוס אל כל מדינות מלכותו לאמור: אך תורה אחת וחוקה אחת לכל יושבי ארצנו.

(מג) ויעזבו כל עמי הארץ את חוקותיהם ויעשו כאשר ציוה אותם המלך.

(מד) ויאותו גם רבים מבני ישראל ויזבחו לאלילים ויחללו את השבת.

(מה) וישלח המלך ספרים ביד הרצים אל ירושלים ולכל ערי יהודה, ויצוום ללכת בדרכי גויי הארץ.

(מו) לבלתי הקריב עוד עולה ומנחה בקודש, ולבלתי הסך נסך ליהוה, ולהפר את השבתות ואת המועדים.

(מז) לחלל את המקדש ואת הכוהנים, ולהקים במות ובתים לאלילים, ולהקריב בשר חזיר וכל בהמה טמאה.

(מח) ויצווה לבלתי המול להם כל זכר, ולשקץ את נפשותם בכל דבר פיגול, להעבירם מחוקות אלוהים ולשנות את דרכם.

(מט) וכל איש אשר ימרה את פי המלך - מות יומת.

The Book of Maccabees I 1:41-49

(42) Moreover king Antiochus wrote to his whole kingdom, that all should be one people,

(43) And every one should leave his laws: so all the heathen agreed according to the commandment of the king.

(44) Yea, many also of the Israelites consented to his religion, and sacrificed unto idols, and profaned the sabbath.

(45) For the king had sent letters by messengers unto Jerusalem and the cities of Juda that they should follow the strange laws of the land,

(46) And forbid burnt offerings, and sacrifice, and drink offerings, in the temple; and that they should profane the sabbaths and festival days:

(47) And pollute the sanctuary and holy people: Set up altars, and groves, and chapels of idols, and sacrifice swine’s flesh, and unclean beasts:

(48) That they should also leave their children uncircumcised, and make their souls abominable with all manner of uncleanness and profanation: To the end they might forget the law, and change all the ordinances.

(49) And whosoever would not do according to the commandment of the king, he said, he should die.

Question: Why did the Greeks ban mitzvot like Shabbat, Rosh Chodesh, and Brit Milah specifically?

ספר מקבים ב י׳:א׳-ט׳

(א) ורוח יהוה צלחה על יהודה המכבי ועל אנשיו, וילכדו את העיר ואת המקדש.

(ב) ויהרסו את המזבחות ואת בתי הגילולים אשר הקימו הגויים בחוצות העיר.

(ג) ויהי אחרי טהרם את הבית, ויעשו מזבח חדש, ויוציאו אש מן האבנים אשר ליקטו, ויקריבו את קורבנם ליהוה מקץ שנתיים ימים.

(ד) ויקטירו ויערכו את הנרות, ויתנו את לחם הפנים על שולחן יהוה.

(ה) וככלות כל אלה נפלו על פניהם ויתחננו אל יהוה אלוהים לאמור:

(ו) אנא יהוה שומרנו לנצח מצרה כזאת אשר באתנו.

(ז) ואם חטאנו לך, יסרנו כחסדך, ואל תתננו עוד בידי זרים המחרפים את שם קודשך.

(ח) ומאת יהוה הייתה זאת לחטא את הבית בעצם היום ההוא אשר טימאו אתו הגויים, והוא יום העשרים וחמשה לירח כסלו.

(ט) ויחוגו חג ליהוה שמונת ימים כימי חג הסוכות, ויזכרו את הימים מקדם בחגגם את חג הסוכות בהרים ובמערות, ויתעו בישימון כבהמות שדה.

The Book of Maccabees II 10:1-9

(1) The spirit of the Lord made Judah Maccabee and his men succeed, and they captured the city and the Temple.

(2) They destroyed the altars and the houses of idolatry that the nations had built in the city squares.

(3) After they purified the Temple, made a new altar, and removed the fire from the stones they gathered, they offered their sacrifice to the Lord at the end of two years.

(4) They offered incense and arranged the lamps; they placed the show-bread on the table of the Lord.

(5) And at the end of all these, they fell on their faces and they pleaded to the Lord God, saying:

(6) Please, God, protect us forever from this trouble that's come to us.

(7) And if we have sinned against you, punish us with kindness, and do not give us any longer into the hands of strangers who are cursing the name of your holiness.

(8) And from the Lord it was this, to purge the House on the same day that the nations defiled it, and it was the twenty-fifth day of the month of Kislev.

(9) And they celebrated a festival to the Lord for eight days, like the days of the festival of Sukkot, and they remembered the previous days when they celebrated the festival of Sukkot in mountains and in caves, and they went out in the desolation/wilderness, like wild beasts.

Question: Fun Fact - Why is the holiday 8 days if the miracle was only for 7, hey had oil for the first day? - Qualitative or quantitative.

Talmud's recount of the story

שבת כ״א ב:י׳

מַאי חֲנוּכָּה? דְּתָנוּ רַבָּנַן: בְּכ״ה בְּכִסְלֵיו יוֹמֵי דַחֲנוּכָּה תְּמָנְיָא אִינּוּן דְּלָא לְמִסְפַּד בְּהוֹן וּדְלָא לְהִתְעַנּוֹת בְּהוֹן. שֶׁכְּשֶׁנִּכְנְסוּ יְוָוֽנִים לַהֵיכָל טִמְּאוּ כׇּל הַשְּׁמָנִים שֶׁבַּהֵיכָל. וּכְשֶׁגָּבְרָה מַלְכוּת בֵּית חַשְׁמוֹנַאי וְנִצְּחוּם, בָּדְקוּ וְלֹא מָצְאוּ אֶלָּא פַּךְ אֶחָד שֶׁל שֶׁמֶן שֶׁהָיָה מוּנָּח בְּחוֹתָמוֹ שֶׁל כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל, וְלֹא הָיָה בּוֹ אֶלָּא לְהַדְלִיק יוֹם אֶחָד. נַעֲשָׂה בּוֹ נֵס וְהִדְלִיקוּ מִמֶּנּוּ שְׁמוֹנָה יָמִים. לְשָׁנָה אַחֶרֶת קְבָעוּם וַעֲשָׂאוּם יָמִים טוֹבִים בְּהַלֵּל וְהוֹדָאָה.

Shabbat 21b:10

What is Chanukkah, that our Sages taught: On the 25th of Kislev - the days of Chanukkah, they are eight, not to eulogize on them and not to fast on them? When the Greeks entered the Temple, they polluted all the oils in the Temple, and when the Hasmonean dynasty overcame and defeated them, they checked and they found but one cruse of oil that was set in place with the seal of the High Priest, but there was in it only [enough] to light a single day. A miracle was done with it, and they lit from it for eight days. The following year [the Sages] fixed those [days], making them holidays for praise and thanksgiving.

Question: Why do the Rabbis highlight the oil miracle over the military one?

The past three sources and questions are leading up to explaining what the war was all about —a spiritual, metaphysical, existential war: Rationality vs. super-rationality.

Conversation (two students):
Greek: So tell us about your gods, Mr. Maccabee.

Jew: Um, that's singular.

Greek: Okay, tell me about your gods.

Jew: No, not you. G‑d. G‑d is singular—only one god.

Greek: Don't worry, we've got so many, I'm sure we can spare a few.

Jew: That's okay, one is enough.

Greek: So, this one G‑d, what does He look like? We'd love to make some lovely statues for you. You poor, uncultured people, you have no statues!

Jew: That's because He doesn't have looks.

Greek: No looks? Ugly? That's cool! A god of ugliness! Don't worry, we can make ugly statues, too.

Jew: No, no. He has no looks at all. You can't see Him.

Greek: An invisible G‑d? Well, maybe we can do that in glass. But you have to give us some description.

Jew: Nope. Sorry. No description.

Greek: You mean nobody ever saw Him? How can you worship something if you don't know what it looks like? I mean, how do you know He exists in the first place?

Jew: It's not that we don't know what He looks like. He doesn't have any looks. He has no image.

Greek: Well, I'm sorry then. If He has no image, we can't make a statue.

Jew: That's fine with us.

Greek: But we'd like to write books about Him. So just give us some definition and we'll work around it.

Jew: Oh, our G‑d can't be defined.

Greek: Come, now. Everything has to have a definition. Or else it's not a thing.

J: But G‑d is not a thing. He creates things. But He isn't a thing.

G: Oh! So He is the Cosmic Mind Who conceives and shapes all forms from the primal essence-matter.

J: No, He doesn't just form them, He creates them. Out of nothing.

G: Now you're getting silly. You can't make something out of nothing. You need stuff to make it out of.

J: But there wasn't any stuff when things began.

G: There was always stuff. How else could the Cosmic Mind make anything?

J: Out of nothing!

G: Look, you Jews don't really think straight. But that's okay. We've conquered all sorts of primitive cultures. You'll learn, too. So, you worship the Cosmic Mind — you'll get along just great with Aristotle and…

J: No, He's not just the Cosmic Mind.

G: Well, nothing's higher than the Cosmic Mind.

J: Because that's not who He is. I mean, even if He didn't make a world, He would still be G‑d. So you can't say, "that's who He is — the One that makes a world." There doesn't have to be a world for Him to exist.

G: Of course there has to be a world. Otherwise, why is there a world if there doesn't have to be one? The world makes sense. The Cosmic Mind makes sense. That's what it's all about. Reason. The highest and most perfect of all things. We Greeks will teach you all about that. So, now tell me about your rituals. We Greeks really dig rituals. Any that have to do with wine? Parties?

J: Sure, we make kiddush on Friday night to commemorate the Creation of the world from nothing.

G: Well, you can give up that one now, since I've just shown you that creation of the world from nothing makes no sense whatsoever.

J: We don't eat milk with meat.

G: Why not?

J: G‑d says so.

G: For what reason?

J: Reason? He needs a reason? For the same reason He created heaven and earth!

G: Which is?

J: He just wanted to.

G: That's not a reason!

J: Sure it is. He decided He would like a world where there would be milk and meat and He would tell people, "Don't eat that milk and meat together!" and they would listen.

G: That makes no sense. That's not a reason!

J: Reason is just another of His creations.

G: Reason is the ultimate! There is nothing higher than Reason!

J: Okay then, explain to me why the world is the way it is. Why does one plus one equal two? Why does the square of the length of the hypotenuse equal the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides? Why do parallel lines never meet?

G: Because those are the rules of geometry!

J: So why does the Cosmic Mind, as you call Him, have to follow your rules of geometry?

G: They're not our rules! They are the self-evident truths of nature!

J: Why are these the truths and not something else?

G: You stubborn Jew! Don't you see that this is the most elegant, rational way things could be?

J: I'll bet you He could break them. I'll bet our G‑d could make a world where parallel lines meet. He could break any of the laws of nature.

G: You can't break laws of nature! They're not like laws of the state or like your silly laws about cheeseburgers. They are truths. They are perfect. They are the ground of reality. They are because they have to be.

J: Nothing has to be. Nothing but the Source of Being. But He could be any way He wants.

G: Geometry has to be. Cause and effect have to be. Logic has to be. If A = B then B = A. That is an absolute Truth. It must be.

J: Why?

G: Why?! Because if they don't have to be, then I and you and this whole world have no real substance! And that cannot be!

J: That's just what I was trying to tell you. This world has no real substance. The only truth is…

G: Don't say it, Mr. Maccabee! You people are downright dangerous.
Crux of the matter: The spiritual war that was at play, as the Mahral writes: The Greeks pursued wisdom but rejected holiness. The miracle of the oil demonstrates that only divine wisdom can illuminate the world eternally.

mordi wolf