Can Power be a Force for Good? Shavuot 5777 (Copy)

(ה) וְאַ֨ךְ אֶת־דִּמְכֶ֤ם לְנַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶם֙ אֶדְרֹ֔שׁ מִיַּ֥ד כָּל־חַיָּ֖ה אֶדְרְשֶׁ֑נּוּ וּמִיַּ֣ד הָֽאָדָ֗ם מִיַּד֙ אִ֣ישׁ אָחִ֔יו אֶדְרֹ֖שׁ אֶת־נֶ֥פֶשׁ הָֽאָדָֽם׃ (ו) שֹׁפֵךְ֙ דַּ֣ם הָֽאָדָ֔ם בָּֽאָדָ֖ם דָּמ֣וֹ יִשָּׁפֵ֑ךְ כִּ֚י בְּצֶ֣לֶם אֱלֹהִ֔ים עָשָׂ֖ה אֶת־הָאָדָֽם׃

Genesis 9:5-6

(5) But for your own life-blood I will require a reckoning: I will require it of every beast; of man, too, will I require a reckoning for human life, of every man for that of his fellow man! (6) Whoever sheds the blood of man, By man shall his blood be shed; For in His image Did God make man.

ויקרא י״ט:י״ז-י״ח

(יז) לֹֽא־תִשְׂנָ֥א אֶת־אָחִ֖יךָ בִּלְבָבֶ֑ךָ הוֹכֵ֤חַ תּוֹכִ֙יחַ֙ אֶת־עֲמִיתֶ֔ךָ וְלֹא־תִשָּׂ֥א עָלָ֖יו חֵֽטְא׃ (יח) לֹֽא־תִקֹּ֤ם וְלֹֽא־תִטֹּר֙ אֶת־בְּנֵ֣י עַמֶּ֔ךָ וְאָֽהַבְתָּ֥ לְרֵעֲךָ֖ כָּמ֑וֹךָ אֲנִ֖י יְהוָֽה׃

Leviticus 19:17-18

(17) You shall not hate your kinsfolk in your heart. Reprove your kinsman but incur no guilt because of him. (18) You shall not take vengeance or bear a grudge against your countrymen. Love your fellow as yourself: I am the LORD.

בבא מציעא ס״ב א:א׳-ב׳

(ויקרא כה, לו) וחי אחיך עמך אהדר ליה כי היכי דניחי ורבי יוחנן האי וחי אחיך עמך מאי עביד ליה מבעי ליה לכדתניא שנים שהיו מהלכין בדרך וביד אחד מהן קיתון של מים אם שותין שניהם מתים ואם שותה אחד מהן מגיע לישוב דרש בן פטורא מוטב שישתו שניהם וימותו ואל יראה אחד מהם במיתתו של חבירו עד שבא ר' עקיבא ולימד וחי אחיך עמך חייך קודמים לחיי חבירך

Bava Metzia 62a:1-2

If two people were walking on a desolate path and there was a jug of water in the possession of one of them, and the situation was such that if both drink from the jug, both will die, as there is not enough water, but if only one of them drinks, he will reach a settled area, there is a dispute as to the halakha. Ben Petora taught: It is preferable that both of them drink and die, and let neither one of them see the death of the other. This was the accepted opinion until Rabbi Akiva came and taught that the verse states: “And your brother shall live with you,” indicating that your life takes precedence over the life of the other.

במדבר רבה כ״א:ד׳

(ד) צָרוֹר אֶת הַמִּדְיָנִים, לָמָּה (במדבר כה, יח): כִּי צֹרְרִים הֵם לָכֶם, מִכָּן אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים בָּא לְהָרְגֶּךָ הַשְׁכֵּם לְהָרְגוֹ.

Bemidbar Rabbah 21:4

(4) "Assail the Midianites" - Why? "For they assailed you" (Numbers 25:18). From here the sages said, 'rise and kill the one who comes to kill you.'

בראשית א׳:כ״ו-כ״ח

(כו) וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֔ים נַֽעֲשֶׂ֥ה אָדָ֛ם בְּצַלְמֵ֖נוּ כִּדְמוּתֵ֑נוּ וְיִרְדּוּ֩ בִדְגַ֨ת הַיָּ֜ם וּבְע֣וֹף הַשָּׁמַ֗יִם וּבַבְּהֵמָה֙ וּבְכָל־הָאָ֔רֶץ וּבְכָל־הָרֶ֖מֶשׂ הָֽרֹמֵ֥שׂ עַל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃ (כז) וַיִּבְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ אֶת־הָֽאָדָם֙ בְּצַלְמ֔וֹ בְּצֶ֥לֶם אֱלֹהִ֖ים בָּרָ֣א אֹת֑וֹ זָכָ֥ר וּנְקֵבָ֖ה בָּרָ֥א אֹתָֽם׃ (כח) וַיְבָ֣רֶךְ אֹתָם֮ אֱלֹהִים֒ וַיֹּ֨אמֶר לָהֶ֜ם אֱלֹהִ֗ים פְּר֥וּ וּרְב֛וּ וּמִלְא֥וּ אֶת־הָאָ֖רֶץ וְכִבְשֻׁ֑הָ וּרְד֞וּ בִּדְגַ֤ת הַיָּם֙ וּבְע֣וֹף הַשָּׁמַ֔יִם וּבְכָל־חַיָּ֖ה הָֽרֹמֶ֥שֶׂת עַל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃

Genesis 1:26-28

(26) And God said, “Let us make man in our image, after our likeness. They shall rule the fish of the sea, the birds of the sky, the cattle, the whole earth, and all the creeping things that creep on earth.” (27) And God created man in His image, in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them. (28) God blessed them and God said to them, “Be fertile and increase, fill the earth and master it; and rule the fish of the sea, the birds of the sky, and all the living things that creep on earth.”

בראשית רבה י״א:ו׳

(ו) פִּילוֹסוֹפוֹס אֶחָד שָׁאַל אֶת רַבִּי הוֹשַׁעְיָה, אָמַר לוֹ אִם חֲבִיבָה הִיא הַמִּילָה, מִפְּנֵי מָה לֹא נִתְּנָה לְאָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן, אָמַר לוֹ מִפְּנֵי מָה אוֹתוֹ הָאִישׁ מְגַלֵּחַ פְּאַת רֹאשׁוֹ וּמֵנִיחַ אֶת פְּאַת זְקָנוֹ, אָמַר לוֹ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁגָּדֵל עִמּוֹ בִּשְׁטוּת, אָמַר לוֹ אִם כֵּן יְסַמֵּא אֶת עֵינוֹ וִיקַטַּע אֶת יָדָיו וִישַׁבֵּר אֶת רַגְלָיו, עַל יְדֵי שֶׁגָּדְלוּ עִמּוֹ בִּשְׁטוּת. אֲמַר לֵיהּ וּלְאִלֵּין מִלַּיָּא אָתֵינָן, אֶתְמְהָא. אָמַר לוֹ לְהוֹצִיאֲךָ חָלָק אִי אֶפְשָׁר אֶלָּא כָּל מַה שֶּׁנִּבְרָא בְּשֵׁשֶׁת יְמֵי בְרֵאשִׁית צְרִיכִין עֲשִׂיָה, כְּגוֹן הַחַרְדָּל צָרִיךְ לְמִתּוּק. הַתּוּרְמוּסִים צָרִיךְ לְמִתּוּק. הַחִטִּין צְרִיכִין לְהִטָּחֵן. אֲפִלּוּ אָדָם צָרִיךְ תִּקּוּן.

Bereshit Rabbah 11:6

(6) ...A philosopher asked Rabbi Hoshayah: He said to him, if God so loves circumcision why did he not give it to Adam. He said to him, why does that man (you) shave the corners of your head and leave the corners of your beard? He said to him because it grew with me in folly. He said to him: if so you should blind your eyes, lop off your hand, and sever you legs since they grew with in follow. He said to him: To these words we have come wonder. He said to him: Anything created in the first six days, needs further actions, for example mustard seeds need sweetening, peas needs sweetening, wheat needs grinding, even humans need fixing.

סנהדרין ע״ד א:י״ב

א"ר יוחנן משום ר"ש בן יהוצדק נימנו וגמרו בעליית בית נתזה בלוד כל עבירות שבתורה אם אומרין לאדם עבור ואל תהרג יעבור ואל יהרג חוץ מעבודת כוכבים וגילוי עריות ושפיכות דמים

Sanhedrin 74a:12

The Gemara now considers which prohibitions are permitted in times of mortal danger. Rabbi Yoḥanan says in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yehotzadak: The Sages who discussed this issue counted the votes of those assembled and concluded in the upper story of the house of Nitza in the city of Lod: With regard to all other transgressions in the Torah, if a person is told: Transgress this prohibition and you will not be killed, he may transgress that prohibition and not be killed, because the preserving of his own life overrides all of the Torah’s prohibitions. This is the halakha concerning all prohibitions except for those of idol worship, forbidden sexual relations, and bloodshed. Concerning those prohibitions, one must allow himself to be killed rather than transgress them. . .

The Gemara relates an incident to demonstrate this: As when a certain person came before Rabba and said to him: The lord of my place, a local official, said to me: Go kill so-and-so, and if not I will kill you, what shall I do? Rabba said to him: It is preferable that he should kill you and you should not kill. Who is to say that your blood is redder than his, that your life is worth more than the one he wants you to kill? Perhaps that man’s blood is redder. This logical reasoning is the basis for the halakha that one may not save his own life by killing another.

Bereshit Rabbah 76:2
Then Jacob was greatly afraid and he was distressed (Genesis 32:8) Rabbi Yehuda son of Rabbi Ilai said" Are not fear and distress the same? He was afraid if he should be slain, and was distressed if he should slay.

This, then, is the greatest difference for the Jews since the founding of Israel--that they have something to offer as an acknowledged ally, not merely as individual Jews behind the scenes as bankers or scientists, cultural creators or impresarios, but collectively, because of the political role they have been forced to play. For the first time, the ability of Jews to withstand their assailants affects the security of other nations as much as their own. Jews always believed that they were meant to help repair the world, but now that belief has turned into plain political fact, albeit in the form they least expected and desired.
--Ruth R. Wisse, Jews and Power; p. 181

ישעיהו ב׳:ד׳

(ד) וְשָׁפַט֙ בֵּ֣ין הַגּוֹיִ֔ם וְהוֹכִ֖יחַ לְעַמִּ֣ים רַבִּ֑ים וְכִתְּת֨וּ חַרְבוֹתָ֜ם לְאִתִּ֗ים וַחֲנִיתֽוֹתֵיהֶם֙ לְמַזְמֵר֔וֹת לֹא־יִשָּׂ֨א ג֤וֹי אֶל־גּוֹי֙ חֶ֔רֶב וְלֹא־יִלְמְד֥וּ ע֖וֹד מִלְחָמָֽה׃ (פ)

Isaiah 2:4

(4) Thus He will judge among the nations And arbitrate for the many peoples, And they shall beat their swords into plowshares And their spears into pruning hooks: Nation shall not take up Sword against nation; They shall never again know war.

Maimonides, Laws Pertaining to Kings 12:4-5
The Sages and the Prophets did not yearn for the days of the Messiah that Israel might exercise dominion over the world, or rule over the heathens, or be exalted by the nations, or that it might eat and drink and rejoice. Their aspiration was that Israel be free to devote itself to the Torah and its wisdom, with no one to oppress or disturb it, and thus be worthy of life in the world to come.

Wielding military strength, Israel changed the Jewish political equilibrium in contradictory ways. The options of self-defense that Israel acquired by establishing its own military and intelligence made Jews for the first time in two thousand years a potentially valuable ally, including of the world's superpower, the United States. At the same time, Israel's susceptibility as a Jewish and democratic state greatly enhanced its utility as a political target for those who demonized both Jews and democracy. These advantages and liabilities were inextricably linked, greatly magnifying Israel's prominence in the international arena and exaggerating the image of Jewish "power" without altering the radical imbalance between Arabs and Muslims on one side and Jews on the other.
--Ruth R. Wisse, Jews and Power; p. 177

Today’s Jews rightfully resent the assaults against them, wishing that they could be allowed to live in peace. New generations of Israelis dislike having to soldier; American Jewish students dislike having to defend Israel on campus. But paradoxically, Jews cannot achieve peace for themselves, never mind for the rest of the world, unless they convince their enemies they are unbeatable and home for good.
--Ruth Wisse commentary on Jews and power; Forward, May 8, 2008

Israel has created a set of dilemmas. The dilemma of occupation; the dilemma of how to fight asymmetrical wars while maintaining basic ethical standards; the dilemma of of a separation wall that keeps my children safe and is that daily reminder of the price we pay for having power. Remember the biblical injunction, We were strangers in the land of Egypt. So, do not onto others as you would not want them to do unto you (Hillel). Don't be brutal. But also, remember Amalek, do not forget [Amalek]! We live in a world where genocide is possible and where enemies will attack without provocation. Do not be naive. Being powerful means balancing both injunctions--don't be brutal and don't be naive.
--Excerpts of comments by Yossi Klein Halevi in an interview with Rabbi Donniel Hartman

Charles Briskin