Texts about Inclusion
Texts about Inclusion from different time periods
The Mishnah is the first major work of rabbinic literature, consisting of teachings transmitted over hundreds of years and compiled around 200 CE. Pirkei Avot (literally “Chapters of the Fathers,” also known as “Ethics of our Fathers”) consists of short statement of advice, ethics and wisdom.

הוּא הָיָה אוֹמֵר, אַל תְּהִי בָז לְכָל אָדָם, וְאַל תְּהִי מַפְלִיג לְכָל דָּבָר, שֶׁאֵין לְךָ אָדָם שֶׁאֵין לוֹ שָׁעָה וְאֵין לְךָ דָבָר שֶׁאֵין לוֹ מָקוֹם:

He used to say: do not despise any man, and do not discriminate against anything, for there is no man that has not his hour, and there is no thing that has not its place.

The Talmud is the textual record of generations of rabbinic debate about law, philosophy, and biblical interpretation, compiled between the 3rd and 8th centuries and structured as commentary on the Mishnah. Tractate Megillah (“Scroll”) is part of the Talmud and discusses the laws of public reading of sacred texts and prayers.

אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: סוֹמֵא בְּאַחַת מֵעֵינָיו — לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו. וְהָא הַהוּא דַּהֲוָה בְּשִׁיבָבוּתֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן דַּהֲוָה פָּרֵיס יְדֵיהּ! הָהוּא דָּשׁ בְּעִירוֹ הֲוָה. תַּנְיָא נָמֵי הָכִי: סוֹמֵא בְּאַחַת מֵעֵינָיו — לֹא יִשָּׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו, וְאִם הָיָה דָּשׁ בְּעִירוֹ — מוּתָּר.

Rabbi Yoḥanan said: One who is blind in one eye may not lift his hands to recite the Priestly Benediction because people will gaze at him. The Gemara asks: Wasn’t there a certain priest who was blind in one eye in the neighborhood of Rabbi Yoḥanan, and he would lift his hands and recite the Priestly Benediction? The Gemara answers: That priest was a familiar figure in his town, and therefore he would not attract attention during the Priestly Benediction. This is also taught in a baraita: One who is blind in one eye may not lift his hands and recite the Priestly Benediction, but if he is a familiar figure in his town, he is permitted to do so.

Tractate Berakhot (“Blessings”) is part of the Talmud and discusses the laws of prayers, focusing on the Shema, the Amidah, and blessings, including those recited in the context of eating.

תָּנָא אוֹתוֹ הַיּוֹם, סִלְּקוּהוּ לְשׁוֹמֵר הַפֶּתַח וְנִתְּנָה לָהֶם רְשׁוּת לַתַּלְמִידִים לִיכָּנֵס. שֶׁהָיָה רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל מַכְרִיז וְאוֹמֵר: כׇּל תַּלְמִיד שֶׁאֵין תּוֹכוֹ כְּבָרוֹ, לֹא יִכָּנֵס לְבֵית הַמִּדְרָשׁ. הַהוּא יוֹמָא אִתּוֹסְפוּ כַּמָּה סַפְסַלֵּי.

It was taught: On that day that they removed Rabban Gamliel from his position and appointed Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya in his place, there was also a fundamental change in the general approach of the study hall as they dismissed the guard at the door and permission was granted to the students to enter. Instead of Rabban Gamliel’s selective approach that asserted that the students must be screened before accepting them into the study hall, the new approach asserted that anyone who seeks to study should be given opportunity to do so. As Rabban Gamliel would proclaim and say: Any student whose inside, his thoughts and feelings, are not like his outside, i.e., his conduct and his character traits are lacking, will not enter the study hall. The Gemara relates: On that day several benches were added to the study hall to accommodate the numerous students.

Tractate Sanhedrin (“Assembly of Judges”) is part of the Talmud and discusses the judicial system.

הויא להו פורייתא דהוו מגני עלה אורחין כי מאריך גייזי ליה כי גוץ מתחין ליה.

The Gemara continues to discuss the sins of the people of Sodom: They had beds on which they would lay their guests; when a guest was longer than the bed they would cut him, and when a guest was shorter than the bed they would stretch him.

Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki (Rashi) wrote his commentary in 11th-century France. It is considered to be an essential explanation of the Tanakh and resides in a place of honor on the page of almost all editions of the Tanakh.

כל איש אשר בו מום. לְרַבּוֹת שְׁאָר מוּמִין:

כל איש אשר בו מום NO MAN THAT HAS A BLEMISH… [SHALL COME NEAR] — This prohibition includes all other bodily blemishes [besides those expressly mentioned in verses 18-20].

Rabbi Moses ben Maimon (Rambam, also known as Maimonides) was perhaps the greatest intellectual and spiritual figure of post-talmudic Judaism. The Mishneh Torah (“Repetition of the Torah”) is his monumental legal code written in Egypt in the late 12th century.

(יב) הרואה את ... ואת המשונין בצורת פניהן או באיבריהם מברך ברוך אתה יהוה' אלהינו מלך העולם משנה את הבריות הרואה סומא או קיטע ומוכה שחין ובוהקנין וכיוצא בהן מברך ברוך אתה יהוה' אלהינו מלך העולם דיין האמת ואם נולדו כן ממעי אמן מברך משנה את הבריות הרואה את הפיל ואת הקוף ואת הקיפוף אומר ברוך משנה את הבריות.

One who sees…people with disfigured faces or limbs, recites the blessing, ‘Blessed are You, Lord our God, Sovereign of the universe, who makes people different.’ One who sees a person who is blind or lame, or who is covered with sores and white pustules (or similar ailment), recites the blessing, ‘Blessed are You, Lord our God, Sovereign of the universe, who is a righteous judge.’
But if they were born that way (with the disability), one says, ‘...who makes people different.’

Avraham ben Meir ibn Ezra’s commentary on the Tanakh (Jewish Bible) was written in mid-12th-century Europe.

(א)ויראת מאלהיך. שהוא יכול להענישך לשומך חרש ועור:

(1) Do not curse [even] the deaf , although you may have the power to do so with impunity. Similarly, do not place a stumbling block before the blind. Revere your God Who can punish you, although your victims cannot, and can strike you deaf or blind.

Chizkuni is the commentary on the Torah of Rabbi Hezekiah ben Manoah, composed in mid-13th century in France.

כי כל איש וגו׳‎ נתינת טעם הוא, וכן פירושו דהא כל איש אשר בו מום אין נראה נאה שיקריב.

'כי כל איש וגו, “for any man who is afflicted with a blemish” the Torah lists the reason that such priests may not perform service in the Temple as being that seeing that they represent the whole Jewish community, it would not seem appropriate that this community dispatches blemished people as their representatives at the Court of the King of Kings.

The Shulchan Arukh (“Set Table”), compiled in the 16th century by Rabbi Yosef Karo, is the most widely accepted code of Jewish law ever written.

(ל) מי שיש לו מום בפניו או בידיו כגון שהם בוהקניות או עקומות או עקושות לא ישא את כפיו מפני שהעם מסתכלין בו וה"ה למי שיש מומין ברגליו במקום שעולים לדוכן בלא בתי שוקיים וכן מי שרירו יורד על זקנו או שעיניו זולפים דמעות וכן סומא באחד מעיניו לא ישא את כפיו ואם הי' דש בעירו דהיינו שהם רגילים בו ומכירין הכל שיש בו אותו מום ישא כפיו ואפי' הוא סומא בשתי עיניו וכל ששהא בעיר שלשי' יום מקרי דש בעירו ודוקא בעירו אבל אם הולך באקראי לעיר אחרת ושהא שם שלשים יום לא ואפילו לא בא לדור שם להיות מבני העיר אלא בא להיות שם מלמד או סופר או משרת שנה או חצי שנה חשוב דש בעירו בל' יום:

One who has a deformity on his face or his hands, for example albinism, or deformed or paralyzed [fingers] should not perform the priestly blessing because the congregation will stare at him. And this is also the rule for one who has a deformity on his feet, in a place where they ascend to the platform without socks. And so it is if he has spittle drooling down his beard, or if his eyes tear up. And similarly, one who is blind in one of his eyes should not perform the priestly blessing. However, if he is "broken in" in his city, meaning that they are familiar with him and everyone recognizes that he has this deformity, he may perform the blessing, even if he is blind in both eyes. Anyone who has stayed in the city thirty days is called "broken in in his city," but only in his city — whereas if he goes temporarily to a different city and stays there thirty days, no. Even if he did not come to live in the city to become a resident, but rather to become a schoolteacher or scribe or attendant, for a year or a half-year, this is considered "broken in in his city thirty days."

Likutei Moharan is a collection of Chasidic and mystical teachings by Rabbi Nachman of Breslov, who lived 1772-1810 in Ukraine.

(ח) כִּי זֶה יָדוּעַ שֶׁכְּשֶׁהָאָדָם נוֹפֵל בְּדַעְתּוֹ מֵחֲמַת גַּשְׁמִיּוּתוֹ וּמַעֲשָׂיו הָרָעִים, שֶׁרוֹאֶה שֶׁהוּא רָחוֹק מְאֹד מְאֹד מִן הַקְּדֻשָּׁה בֶּאֱמֶת, אֲזַי עַל־פִּי רֹב אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְהִתְפַּלֵּל כְּלָל מֵחֲמַת זֶה, וְאֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לִפְתֹּחַ פִּיו כְּלָל, מֵחֲמַת גֹּדֶל הָעַצְבוּת וְהַמָּרָה שְׁחוֹרָה וְהַכְּבֵדוּת שֶׁנּוֹפֵל עָלָיו, עַל־יְדֵי שֶׁרוֹאֶה גֹּדֶל עֹצֶם רִחוּקוֹ מֵהַשֵּׁם יִתְבָּרַךְ.

(8) For it is known that when a person becomes depressed over his gross physicality and evil deeds, and he sees how very distant he truly is from holiness, it generally makes him completely incapable of praying. He cannot even open his mouth at all, due to the magnitude of the depression, sadness and heaviness that come over him when he sees how exceedingly distant he is from God.

B'Mareh HaBazak is a collection of responsa by the members of Kollel Eretz Chemda about our developing modern world. It was first published in Jerusalem in 1992. Volume VII was publish in 2007.

הליפקס, קנדה, מנחם אב, תשס"הג. המרותק לכיסא גלגלים, מינויו כשליח ציבור והעלאתו לתורהשאלה: האם אדם המרותק לכיסא גלגלים יכול להיות חזן עבור הציבור? האם הוא יכול לעלות לתורה? תשובה: אדם המרותק לכיסא גלגלים יכול לשמש כשליח ציבור ולעלות לתורה. שילובו בחיי הקהילה, מכל הבחינות, הוא דרכה של תורה, שלא כמו שפסק אחד מאחרוני זמננו.

Question: Can a wheelchair-bound man be a prayer leader for the community? Can he go up to [publicly recite blessings over the reading of] the Torah? Answer: A wheelchair-bound man may serve as the prayer leader and go up to the Torah. His integration into the life of the community in all of its aspects is the Torah way, not like the decision of one of the latter decisors of our day.

The Rabbinical Assembly is the international association of Conservative rabbis, founded in 1901.
From "Hineinu: An Inclusion Resource Guide For Congregations," by the Rabbinical Assembly (2013)
"Foreword...
When those barriers are eliminated, many Jews with disabilities find warmth, welcome and a sense of belonging to their Jewish community. As Torah teaches us, 'You shall not insult the deaf, or place a stumbling block before the blind'(Leviticus 19:14)."
Rabbi Jack Riemer (born 1929) is the founder the National Rabbinic Network, a support system for rabbis across all denominational lines.
Rabbi Jack Riemer - USCJ Blog
If Yitzchak Avinu, Father Isaac, who became legally blind in his old age, were to come into our synagogue and want to daven with us, would we have a large print prayer book available for him?
If Yaakov Avinu, Father Jacob, who was injured in an encounter with a mysterious stranger and limped for the rest of his life as a result, were to come into our synagogue and want an aliyah, would he be able to get up to the bimah here? And if not, if we don’t have a ramp that makes the bimah accessible to the people with disabilities, what would we say to him?
If Moshe Rabeynu, Moses our teacher, who had a speech defect, were to come into our shul and want to read from the Torah that he gave us, could we handle it without becoming embarrassed if he were to stutter?
Rabbi Dr. Susan Hornstein was ordained by the woman's Orthodox Yeshivat Maharat in 2025.
D'var Torah on Parshat Emor (2022)
The Torah goes on to enumerate the defects that disqualify the Kohen. Each blemish is external: limbs that were uneven in length, skin conditions, even weird eyebrows. Unlike the blemishes that make an animal non-Kosher, these are not life-threatening conditions. A Kohen could have a heart defect, asthma, or even a fever, as long as he had no external differences. How unusual this must have been! In a pre-modern society, without prenatal care or modern medicines, surely nearly everyone had something! Moreover, it is exactly these types of characteristics that distinguish us from one another. The angle of the eyes, the distinctive gait, these are the ways we recognize each other. The Kohen who was qualified to bring sacrifices didn’t even look like himself. He wasn’t there for us to look at and see ourselves in him. He looked like no one in particular, like a template of a human being, like an angel.