Parashat Bereishit 5785: Taming the Leviathan
Could it be that God is NOT all-powerful? The presence of the Leviathan makes the question more complicated than it first seems.

וַיִּבְרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֔ים אֶת־הַתַּנִּינִ֖ם הַגְּדֹלִ֑ים וְאֵ֣ת כׇּל־נֶ֣פֶשׁ הַֽחַיָּ֣ה ׀ הָֽרֹמֶ֡שֶׂת אֲשֶׁר֩ שָׁרְצ֨וּ הַמַּ֜יִם לְמִֽינֵהֶ֗ם וְאֵ֨ת כׇּל־ע֤וֹף כָּנָף֙ לְמִינֵ֔הוּ וַיַּ֥רְא אֱלֹהִ֖ים כִּי־טֽוֹב׃

God created the great sea monsters, and all the living creatures of every kind that creep, which the waters brought forth in swarms, and all the winged birds of every kind. And God saw that this was good.

1. What is the Leviathan?

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: מַעֲשֶׂה בְּרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ שֶׁהָיוּ בָּאִין בִּסְפִינָה, וְהָיָה רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר יָשֵׁן וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ נֵעוֹר. נִזְדַּעְזַע רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, וְנִנְעַר רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר. אָמַר לוֹ: מָה זֶה יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, מִפְּנֵי מָה נִזְדַּעְזַעְתָּ? אָמַר לוֹ: מָאוֹר גָּדוֹל רָאִיתִי בַּיָּם. אָמַר לוֹ: שֶׁמָּא עֵינָיו שֶׁל לִוְיָתָן רָאִיתָ – דִּכְתִיב: ״עֵינָיו כְּעַפְעַפֵּי שָׁחַר״.

״וַיִּבְרָא אֱלֹהִים אֶת הַתַּנִּינִם הַגְּדוֹלִים״ – הָכָא תַּרְגִּימוּ: אֻרְזִילֵי דְיַמָּא. רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר: זֶה לִוְיָתָן נָחָשׁ בָּרִיחַ וְלִוְיָתָן נָחָשׁ עֲקַלָּתוֹן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא יִפְקֹד ה׳ בְּחַרְבּוֹ הַקָּשָׁה וְגוֹ׳״.

The Sages taught: There was an incident involving Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Yehoshua, who were traveling on a ship, and Rabbi Eliezer was sleeping and Rabbi Yehoshua was awake. Rabbi Yehoshua trembled, and Rabbi Eliezer awoke. Rabbi Eliezer said to him: What is this, Yehoshua; for what reason did you tremble? Rabbi Yehoshua said to him: I saw a great light in the sea. Rabbi Eliezer said to him: Perhaps you saw the eyes of the leviathan, as it is written: “And his eyes are like the eyelids of the morning” (Job 41:10)...

The verse states: “And God created the great sea monsters” (Genesis 1:21). Here, in Babylonia, they interpreted this as a reference to the sea oryx. Rabbi Yoḥanan says: This is leviathan the slant serpent, and leviathan the tortuous serpent, as it is stated: “In that day the Lord with His sore and great and strong sword will punish leviathan the slant serpent, and leviathan the tortuous serpent” (Isaiah 27:1).

התנינם. דָּגִים גְּדוֹלִים שֶׁבַּיָּם, וּבְדִבְרֵי אַגָּדָה הוּא לִוְיָתָן וּבֶן זוּגוֹ שֶׁבְּרָאָם זָכָר וּנְקֵבָה וְהָרַג אֶת הַנְּקֵבָה וּמְלָחָהּ לַצַּדִּיקִים לֶעָתִיד לָבֹא, שֶׁאִם יִפְרוּ וְיִרְבּוּ לֹא יִתְקַיֵּם הָעוֹלָם בִּפְנֵיהֶם:

התנינים THE HUGE CREATURES — the large fishes that are in the sea; and according to the statement of the Agada (Bava Batra 74b) it means here the Leviathan and its consort which He created male and female. He, however, killed the female and preserved it in salt for the benefit of the righteous in the time to come, for had they been permitted to be fruitful and to multiply the world could not have endured because of them.

2. What Does the Leviathan Represent?

(ו) תְּ֭הוֹם כַּלְּב֣וּשׁ כִּסִּית֑וֹ עַל־הָ֝רִ֗ים יַ֖עַמְדוּ־מָֽיִם׃ (ז) מִן־גַּעֲרָ֣תְךָ֣ יְנוּס֑וּן מִן־ק֥וֹל רַ֝עַמְךָ֗ יֵחָפֵזֽוּן׃ (ח) יַעֲל֣וּ הָ֭רִים יֵרְד֣וּ בְקָע֑וֹת אֶל־מְ֝ק֗וֹם זֶ֤ה ׀ יָסַ֬דְתָּ לָהֶֽם׃ (ט) גְּֽבוּל־שַׂ֭מְתָּ בַּל־יַעֲבֹר֑וּן בַּל־יְ֝שֻׁב֗וּן לְכַסּ֥וֹת הָאָֽרֶץ׃

(6) You made the deep cover it as a garment; the waters stood above the mountains. (7) They fled at Your blast, rushed away at the sound of Your thunder—(8) mountains rising, valleys sinking—to the place You established for them. (9)You set bounds they must not pass so that they never again cover the earth.

(ח) וַיָּ֣סֶךְ בִּדְלָתַ֣יִם יָ֑ם בְּ֝גִיח֗וֹ מֵרֶ֥חֶם יֵצֵֽא׃ (ט) בְּשׂוּמִ֣י עָנָ֣ן לְבֻשׁ֑וֹ וַ֝עֲרָפֶ֗ל חֲתֻלָּתֽוֹ׃ (י) וָאֶשְׁבֹּ֣ר עָלָ֣יו חֻקִּ֑י וָ֝אָשִׂ֗ים בְּרִ֣יחַ וּדְלָתָֽיִם׃ (יא) וָאֹמַ֗ר עַד־פֹּ֣ה תָ֭בוֹא וְלֹ֣א תֹסִ֑יף וּפֹא־יָ֝שִׁ֗ית בִּגְא֥וֹן גַּלֶּֽיךָ׃

8)Who closed the sea behind doors, When it gushed forth out of the womb, (9) When I clothed it in clouds, Swaddled it in dense clouds, (10)When I made breakers My limit for it, And set up its bar and doors, (11) And said, “You may come so far and no farther; Here your surging waves will stop”?

וּבַתַּנִּינִים הַגְּדוֹלִים עָשָׂה ה׳ שִׁנּוּי בִּבְרִיאָתָם כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַרְנוּ, וְלֹא אָמַר בְּדֶרֶךְ כְּלָל ״וַיִּבְרָא נֶפֶשׁ הַתַּנִּינִים וְאֵת כָּל נֶפֶשׁ״ וְגוֹ׳. בָּזֶה גִּלָּה הַכָּתוּב כִּי מְשֻׁנִּים הֵם מִכָּל מַה שֶׁבַּיָּם, שֶׁמִּלְּבַד שֶׁהוֹלִיד בָּהֶם נֶפֶשׁ, גַּם בְּכֹחַ בְּרִיאָתָם עַצְמָהּ בָּרָא ה׳ בָּהֶם כֹּחַ נוֹסָף אֲשֶׁר אֵין כֹּחַ בַּיָּם לַעֲשׂוֹתוֹ כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַרְנוּ, וְזֶה הוּא הַדָּג הַמֻּפְלָא לִוְיָתָן זֶה, וּכְבָר דְּבָרָיו מְפֹרָשִׁים בְּדִבְרֵיהֶם זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (בבא בתרא עד:). וְטַעַם שֶׁלֹּא אָמַר בִּבְרִיאָה זוֹ ״וַיְהִי כֵן״, אֵין לוֹ מָקוֹם, כִּי לֹא יִצְטָרֵךְ לוֹמַר ״וַיְהִי כֵן״ אֶלָּא כְּשֶׁלֹּא יֻזְכַּר אֶלָּא אִמְרוֹת ה׳ לְבַד, תַּגִּיד הַתּוֹרָה ״וַיְהִי כֵן״ כִּי אָמַר וַתֶּהִי, מַה שֶׁאֵין כֵּן כְּשֶׁאוֹמֵר ״וַיִּבְרָא״ – יֵשׁ בִּכְלָלוֹ אֲמִירָה, יֵשׁ בִּכְלָלוֹ הֲוָיָה.

And in the great sea monsters, God made a change in their creation - as we have said - and He didn't state in [a more] general [fashion], "And He created the souls of the sea monsters and all the souls, etc.;" by which the verse revealed that they are different from everything [else] in the waters; since besides that God implanted a soul within them, also in the power of their creation itself, God created an extra power within them; since there is no power within the waters to make it, as we have said. And this is the amazing fish, it is the leviathan, and its matters are explained in [the] words of [the Sages], of blessed memory (Bava Batra 74b). And the reason it did not state about this creation, "and it was so," is that there is no place for it, since it is not needed to say "and it was so" except when only the proclamation of God is stated; [there] the Torah tells "and it was so," since He [had] said, "let there be;" which is not the case when it states, "And He created" - proclamation is included in it, execution is included in it.

3. Who Tames the Leviathan?
Jon D. Levenson, Creation and the Persistence of Evil: The Jewish Drama of Divine Omnipotence, 15-16
"We have a sense of the Sea as a somewhat sinister force that, left to its own, would submerge the world and forestall the ordered reality we call creation. What prevents this frightening possibility is the mastery of YHWH, whose blast and thunder or whose craftmanship and commanding word force the Sea into its proper place, apparently without a struggle. These texts share with the combat myth the notion of the challenge of the Sea and its defeat. They share with Genesis l the sense of the creation of the habitable world through the containment of the waters by the efficacious utterance of God. They share with the story of the Flood a conviction that the habitable, life-sustaining world exists now only because of God’s continuing commitment to the original command. Absent that command, the sinister forces of chaos would surge forth again. The biblical drama of world order is defined by the persistence of those forces, on the one hand, and the possibility (or is it an inevitability?) that God will exercise his vaunted omnipotence to defeat them, on the other."