The Written law - Torah - תורה שבכתב - came from ancient Israel, thousands of years ago. Our ancestors knew the פְּשָׁט‎ peshat - what the author intended to get across to the original audience. For Jews who live much later, our world is different. Without knowing how it was understood, we'd misunderstand the Torah. That's why we need context from our Oral Law, the תורה שבעל פה.
Our מסורה (chain of tradition) teaches that the תורה שבעל פה is holy. Does it contain knowledge from Moses, or God? Our מסורה says yes - yet we see that it also developed over time. Rabbis clearly debated it.
The oral law was collected in the Mishnah מִשְׁנָה, and the Midrash מדרש collections. As Jewish civilization later developed, we constructed Talmud Yerushalmi (תַּלְמוּד יְרוּשָׁלְמִי) and Talmud Bavli ( תַּלְמוּד בבל.) Judaism is a religious civilization which continued development we can see in the responsa literature, philosophical works, and codes of law. So when we want to learn Torah we read it along with our oral law. What does the oral law say about this week's parasha?

- Robert Kaiser

Midrash
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Relevant discussions from the Jewish philosophers (פילוסופיה יהודית)
e.g. Saadya Gaon, Gersonides, Maimonides, etc.
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Relevant discussions from the מפרשים classical Bible commentators.
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Responsa / Mussar
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