Five Possessions - Avot 6:10
Mishnah Avot 6:10 describes 5 special possessions of God. In other sources, 4 special possessions are listed.
Chapter 6 of Mishnah Avot, often known as "Kinyan Torah" ('The Acquisition of Torah), is an addition to the tractate. Mishnah 10 describes the Torah as one of 5 קנינים / qinyanim / possessions of God, and provides prooftexts. As you consider this passage, the following questions may be useful:
  • What are some ways that we come to possess or acquire something?
  • Do the 5 possessions listed here seem to belong together?
  • Do the prooftexts succeed in supporting the selection of 'possessions.'
  • Why is it useful to think about things that God 'possesses'? What do you think the Mishnah is communicating? What difference does it make?

(י) חֲמִשָּׁה קִנְיָנִים קָנָה לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְעוֹלָמוֹ, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן, תּוֹרָה קִנְיָן אֶחָד, שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ קִנְיָן אֶחָד, אַבְרָהָם קִנְיָן אֶחָד, יִשְׂרָאֵל קִנְיָן אֶחָד, בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ קִנְיָן אֶחָד.

תּוֹרָה מִנַּיִן, דִּכְתִיב (משלי ח), יהוה קָנָנִי רֵאשִׁית דַּרְכּוֹ קֶדֶם מִפְעָלָיו מֵאָז.

שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ קִנְיָן אֶחָד מִנַּיִן, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה סו), כֹּה אָמַר יהוה הַשָּׁמַיִם כִּסְאִי וְהָאָרֶץ הֲדֹם רַגְלָי אֵי זֶה בַיִת אֲשֶׁר תִּבְנוּ לִי וְאֵי זֶה מָקוֹם מְנוּחָתִי, וְאוֹמֵר (תהלים קד) מָה רַבּוּ מַעֲשֶׂיךָ יהוה כֻּלָּם בְּחָכְמָה עָשִׂיתָ מָלְאָה הָאָרֶץ קִנְיָנֶךָ.

אַבְרָהָם קִנְיָן אֶחָד מִנַּיִן, דִּכְתִיב (בראשית יד), וַיְבָרְכֵהוּ וַיֹּאמַר בָּרוּךְ אַבְרָם לְאֵל עֶלְיוֹן קֹנֵה שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ.

יִשְׂרָאֵל קִנְיָן אֶחָד מִנַּיִן, דִּכְתִיב (שמות טו), עַד יַעֲבֹר עַמְּךָ יהוה עַד יַעֲבֹר עַם זוּ קָנִיתָ, וְאוֹמֵר (תהלים טז) לִקְדוֹשִׁים אֲשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ הֵמָּה וְאַדִּירֵי כָּל חֶפְצִי בָם.

בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ קִנְיָן אֶחָד מִנַּיִן, דִּכְתִיב (שמות טו), מָכוֹן לְשִׁבְתְּךָ פָּעַלְתָּ יהוה מִקְּדָשׁ יהוה כּוֹנְנוּ יָדֶיךָ. וְאוֹמֵר (תהלים עח) וַיְבִיאֵם אֶל גְּבוּל קָדְשׁוֹ הַר זֶה קָנְתָה יְמִינוֹ:

(10) Five possessions did the Holy Blessed One, set aside as his own in this world, and these are they: The Torah, one possession; Heaven and earth, another possession; Abraham, another possession; Israel [i.e., the people Israel], another possession; The Temple, another possession.

1) The Torah is one possession. From where do we know this? Since it is written, “The Lord possessed / קנני / qanani (usually translated as ‘created’) me at the beginning of his course, at the first of His works of old” (Proverbs 8:22).

2) Heaven and earth, another possession. From where do we know this? Since it is said: “Thus said the Lord: The heaven is My throne and the earth is My footstool; Where could you build a house for Me, What place could serve as My abode? (Isaiah 66:1) And it says: “How many are the things You have made, O Lord; You have made them all with wisdom; the earth is full of Your possessions / קניניך / qinyanekha” (Psalms 104:24).

3) Abraham is another possession. From where do we know this? Since it is written: “He blessed him, saying, “Blessed be Abram of God Most High, Possessor [=Creator] / קונה / qoneh of heaven and earth” (Genesis 14:19).

4) Israel is another possession. From where do we know this? Since it is written: “Till Your people cross over, O Lord, Till Your people whom You have possessed / קנית / qanita cross over” (Exodus 15:16). And it says: “As to the holy and mighty ones that are in the land, my whole desire (possession) is in them” (Psalms 16:3).

5) The Temple is another possession. From where do we know this? Since it is said: “The sanctuary, O Lord, which your hands have established / כוננו / konenu (close enough to 'qonenu'?) ” (Exodus 15:17”, And it says: “And He brought them to His holy realm, to the mountain, which His right hand had possessed / קנתה / qaneta” (Psalms 78:54).

More about acquiring: In Modern Hebrew, ק.נ.ה / q.n.h is used for purchasing things--acquiring via payment. One can come to own something by receiving it as a gift or inheriting it. One can also make or craft or create something: One wrote a poem, painted a painting, made a cake, carried a baby!
In the Mechilta of R. Ishmael, a different list of 'possessions' is presented. Compare this list with mAvot 6:10. Compare the selection of prooftexts with those in mAvot 6:10.

(כו) אַרְבָּעָה נִקְרְאוּ קִנְיָן: יִשְׂרָאֵל נִקְרְאוּ קִנְיָן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: (שמות טו,טז) "עַם זוּ קָנִיתָ." שמים וארץ \ נ״א: אֶרֶץיִשְׂרָאֵל נִקְרֵאת קִנְיָן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: (בראשית יד,כב) "וַיְבָרְכֵהוּ וַיֹּאמַר: בָּרוּךְ אַבְרָם לְאֵל עֶלְיוֹן, קֹנֵה שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ." בֵּיתהַמִּקְדָּשׁ נִקְרָא קִנְיָן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: (תהלים עח,נד) "הַר זֶה קָנְתָה יְמִינוֹ." הַתּוֹרָה נִקְרֵאת קִנְיָן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: (משלי ח,כב) "יהוה קָנָנִי רֵאשִׁית דַּרְכּוֹ". יָבֹאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁנִּקְרְאוּ קִנְיָן, לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁנִּקְרֵאת קִנְיָן, וְיִבְנוּ בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ שֶׁנִּקְרָא קִנְיָן, בִּזְכוּת הַתּוֹרָה שֶׁנִּקְרֵאת קִנְיָן! לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר "עַם זוּ קָנִיתָ."

(26) Four are called "acquisitions":

1 Israel — viz. "this people whom You have acquired" (Exodus 15:16).

2 Heaven and earth [some texts have: The Land of Israel / ארץ ישראל]— viz. (Genesis 14:19) "[He blessed him, saying,“Blessed be Abram of God Most High, Creator/Acquirer of heaven and earth.."

3 The Temple — viz. (Psalms 78:54) "this mountain (the Temple mount) that He acquired."

4 The Torah — viz. (Mishlei 8:22) "The L–rd acquired me (Torah) (in) the beginning of His way" (the creation).

Let Israel come, who are called "acquisition," to the land, that is called "acquisition," and build the Temple, His "acquisition," in the merit of the Torah, which is called "acquisition." Thus — "this people whom You have acquired."

In bPesachim 87b, the order is: Torah, Heaven/Earth, Temple, Israel.

Pseudo-Rashi to mAvot 6 understands ק.נ.ה / q.n.h. as meaning 'create'!

(ג)אַבְרָהָם מִנַּיִן. שֶׁבְּרָאוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְכָךְ לִהְיוֹת קִנְיָנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם וְיִתְקַיֵּם בִּשְׁבִילוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וַיְבָרְכֵהוּ וַיֹּאמַר בָּרוּךְ אַבְרָם לְאֵל עֶלְיוֹן, וְלָמָּה, בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁהוּא קוֹנֶה שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ, שֶׁבִּשְׁבִילוֹ הָעוֹלָם מִתְקַיֵּם, לְפִי שֶׁהוּא קֵרֵב אֶת הַבְּרִיּוֹת תַּחַת כַּנְפֵי הַשְּׁכִינָה וְהֶחְזִירָן לַמּוּטָב וְאָמַר לָהֶן דְּבָרִים הַנִּזְכָּרִין:

Commentary attributed to Rashi to Avot chapter 6. (3)From where [do we infer that] Abraham [is] one possession: such that the Holy One, blessed be He, created him for this, to be a possession for the world? As it says, "And he blessed him, and said: ‘Blessed be Abram of God Most High.'" And why? Because [God] is "'Maker of heaven and earth.’” As because of [Abraham] the world exists; since he brought close the creatures under the wings of the Divine presence and made them repent to the better and said to them the things that are mentioned.

The final teaching in mAvot 6 quotes the Song at the Sea (as mAvot 6:10 one in connected with God's possession of Israel). The expression: 'there is no king without a people' is apt here: God has acquired Israel and the Temple Mount/Temple. Therefore, it is appropriate that God is described here as reigning.
I am reminded that the final day's count in the 49 days of the Omer is known in Kabbalistic parlance as "מלכות שבמלכות/kingdom in kingdom." The '50th day' is Shavuot, the holiday that commemorates "the time of the giving of the Torah." Revelation at Mount Sinai is an event befitting a king.

(יא) כָּל מַה שֶּׁבָּרָא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּעוֹלָמוֹ, לֹא בְרָאוֹ אֶלָּא לִכְבוֹדוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה מג), כֹּל הַנִּקְרָא בִשְׁמִי וְלִכְבוֹדִי בְּרָאתִיו יְצַרְתִּיו אַף עֲשִׂיתִיו, וְאוֹמֵר (שמות טו), יהוה יִמְלֹךְ לְעֹלָם וָעֶד.

(11) Whatever the Holy Blessed One created in His world, he created only for His glory, as it is said: “All who are linked to My name, whom I have created, formed and made for My glory” (Isaiah 43:7), And it says: “The Lord shall reign for ever and ever” (Exodus 15:18).

Midrash Shmuel is not a collection of homiletical teachings on the Book of Samuel. It is a commentary on the Mishnah by R. Samuel Uçeda, composed in Venice c. 1530-1570 (According to Sefareia).

...ולזה קראם קנינים לפי שכל דבר אשר קונה האדם ונותן מעותיו בו כדי לקנותו אם לא היה חשוב בעיניו לא היה נותן מעותיו בו, ולכן המשיל אלו הדברים לקנינים כאלו יהוה קנאם לו בדמים יקרים להודיע חיבתם לפני המקום. ...

The [Mishnah] calls these ‘purchases’ because one would not pay money to acquire something were it not important to one. For this reason, [the Mishnah] analogizes these things to ‘purchases,’ as if God had acquired them for a steep price, in order to convey how precious they are to God. (DR translation.)

Derech Hayyim is a commentary on Pirkei Avot written by the Maharal of Prague (Rabbi Judah Loew ben Bezalel (1512–1609).

לכך אלו דברים נקראו* "קנין", שהם אל השם יתברך לעצמו אל אלקותו, כמו הקונה דבר, אם לא היה צריך אליו לגמרי, לא היה קונה אותו. ולפיכך התורה נבראת לעצמו יתברך, שהוא גזירת אלקותו על הבריות. וכן שמים וארץ נבראו לעצמו יתברך, שהוא "אלהי שמים וארץ". וכן בית המקדש גם כן הוא שנברא לעצמו יתברך, אשר שם משכן שכינתו, ושמו נקרא על הבית. וכך ישראל הם נבראים לעצמו יתברך, דהיינו שבישראל תולה אלקותו, כיון שנקרא שמו יתברך על ישראל. וזה שאמר הכתוב (יהושע ז, ט) "והכריתו את שמינו מן הארץ ומה תעשה לשמך הגדול". הרי כל אלו דברים הם קנין, שכל דבר שצריך לאדם מאד שהוא משמש לו, קונה אותו אליו. וכך אמרו בספרי (דברים לב, ו); משל לאחד שהורישו אביו עשר שדות, ועמד וקנה שדה אחת, ואותה היה אוהב מכל השדות שהורישו אביו. ופירוש דבר זה גם כן, כי הדבר שהוא אליו לגמרי לעצמו, הוא קונה אותו. לא דבר שאין צריך אליו כל כך, שאין קונה הדבר ההוא. אך אפשר שיפול לו בירושה אף דבר שאין צריך כל כך. אך כי יש לפרש גם כן לפירוש הראשון; הדבר שהוא אחד ואין דבר עמו, דבר זה הוא צריך אליו ביותר, שהרי אין עוד אחד, ולפיכך צריך לו ביותר. שאם היה דבר עמו, לא היה כל כך צריך לו, עכשיו שהוא אחד, הוא צריך אליו ביותר.

Hence these things are called a possession, since they are for God Himself, may He be blessed, for His mastery. It is like one who acquires something - if he did not need it completely, he would not acquire it. And hence the Torah was created for Himself, may He be blessed, as it is the decree of His mastery over the creatures. And likewise, heaven and earth were created for Himself, may He be blessed, since He is “the God of heaven and the earth.” And likewise, the Temple, in which His Divine Presence resides, was created for Himself, may He be blessed; so His name is called upon the Temple. And thus was Israel created for Himself, may He be blessed - meaning that His mastery depends upon Israel, since His name, may He be blessed, is called upon Israel. And that is what Scripture says (Joshua 7:9) - “they will wipe out our name from the earth; and what will You do about Your great name?” Behold all these things are a possession - as anything that a person needs very much since it serves him, he acquires for himself. And likewise did they say in the Sifrei (Sifrei Devarim 309:5), “A parable [that compares it to] one whose father bequeathed him ten fields, and he acquired one field; and that one he loved more than all the fields that his father bequeathed him.” And the explanation of this thing is also that something that is completely for himself, he acquires - not something that he does not need so much. As he does not acquire that thing. Yet it is possible that something that he does not need so much will come to him as an inheritance. However it can also be explained according to the first explanation: Something that is one, and there is nothing with it - that thing is very needed by him. As behold there is no other one, hence he needs it very much. For if there had been something with it, he would not have needed it so much. Now that it is [only] one, it is very much needed by him.

Chanoch Albeck, Commentary to Avot, comment to mAvot 6:10, 1959
חמשה קנינים - מיוחדים, החביבים עליו. נוסח אחר ונכון: ארבעה קניינים ואברהם לא נמנה. וכן במכילתא בשלח שירה ט, ובבלי פסחים פז:ב.
Five possessions - special items that are beloved to Him. Another, and correct, reading (nusach): Four acquisitions. Abraham is not listed. Similarly in Mekhilta (of R. Yishmael), Shirah 9, and Bavli Pesahim 87b. [Compare the comments of the Gaon of Vilna on mAvot 6:10]