Parashat Vayeshev 5785: Unmasking Deception
This sourcesheet provides an introduction into Robert Alter's literary analysis of Joseph's tunic alongside the story of Judah and Tamar.
  • Robert Alter, The Art of Biblical Narrative, 12: "…an essential aim of the innovative technique of fiction worked out by the ancient Hebrew writers was to produce a certain indeterminacy of meaning, especially in regard to motive, moral character, and psychology… Meaning…was conceived as a process, requiring continual revision…"
1. Haker-Na

(לב) וַֽיְשַׁלְּח֞וּ אֶת־כְּתֹ֣נֶת הַפַּסִּ֗ים וַיָּבִ֙יאוּ֙ אֶל־אֲבִיהֶ֔ם וַיֹּאמְר֖וּ זֹ֣את מָצָ֑אנוּ הַכֶּר־נָ֗א הַכְּתֹ֧נֶת בִּנְךָ֛ הִ֖וא אִם־לֹֽא׃

(32) They had the ornamented tunic taken to their father, and they said, “We found this. Please examine it; is it your son’s tunic or not?”

(כה) הִ֣וא מוּצֵ֗את וְהִ֨יא שָׁלְחָ֤ה אֶל־חָמִ֙יהָ֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר לְאִישׁ֙ אֲשֶׁר־אֵ֣לֶּה לּ֔וֹ אָנֹכִ֖י הָרָ֑ה וַתֹּ֙אמֶר֙ הַכֶּר־נָ֔א לְמִ֞י הַחֹתֶ֧מֶת וְהַפְּתִילִ֛ים וְהַמַּטֶּ֖ה הָאֵֽלֶּה׃

(25) As she was being brought out, she sent this message to her father-in-law: “It’s by the man to whom these belong that I’m pregnant.” And she added, “Examine these: whose seal and cord and staff are these?”

  • Robert Alter, The Art of Biblical Narrative, 10: "The first use of the formula was for an act of deception; the second use is for an act of unmasking."
2. Unspoken Revelations

(בראשית לז, לב): וַיְשַׁלְּחוּ אֶת כְּתֹנֶת הַפַּסִּים וגו'. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לִיהוּדָה אַתָּה אָמַרְתָּ (בראשית לז, לב): הַכֶּר נָא, חַיֶּיךָ שֶׁתָּמָר אוֹמֶרֶת לְךָ (בראשית לח, כה): הַכֶּר נָא. (בראשית לז, לג):

“They sent the fine tunic, and they brought it to their father and said: We found this. Identify, please: Is it your son’s tunic or not” (Genesis 37:32).
“They sent the fine tunic…” – Rabbi Yoḥanan said: The Holy One blessed be He said to Judah: ‘You said: “Identify, please”; as you live, Tamar will say to you: “Identify, please”’ (Genesis 38:25).

״וְהִיא שָׁלְחָה אֶל חָמִיהָ לֵאמֹר לְאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר אֵלֶּה לּוֹ אָנֹכִי הָרָה״. וְתֵימָא לֵיהּ מֵימָר! אָמַר רַב זוּטְרָא בַּר טוֹבִיָּה אָמַר רַב, וְאָמְרִי לַהּ אָמַר רַב חָנָא בַּר בִּיזְנָא אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן חֲסִידָא, וְאָמְרִי לָהּ אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחַי: נוֹחַ לוֹ לָאָדָם שֶׁיַּפִּיל עַצְמוֹ לְתוֹךְ כִּבְשַׁן הָאֵשׁ, וְאַל יַלְבִּין פְּנֵי חֲבֵירוֹ בָּרַבִּים. מְנָלַן — מִתָּמָר. ״הַכֶּר נָא״. אָמַר רַבִּי חָמָא בְּרַבִּי חֲנִינָא: בְּ״הַכֶּר״ בִּישֵּׂר לְאָבִיו — בְּ״הַכֶּר״ בִּישְּׂרוּהוּ. בְּ״הַכֶּר״ בִּישֵּׂר: ״הַכֶּר נָא הַכְּתֹנֶת בִּנְךָ הִיא״. בְּ״הַכֶּר״ בִּישְּׂרוּהוּ: ״הַכֶּר נָא לְמִי״. ״נָא״. אֵין ״נָא״ אֶלָּא לְשׁוֹן בַּקָּשָׁה. אָמְרָה לֵיהּ: בְּבַקָּשָׁה מִמְּךָ, הַכֵּר פְּנֵי בּוֹרַאֲךָ וְאַל תַּעֲלִים עֵינֶיךָ מִמֶּנִּי.

The verse concerning Tamar then states: “She sent to her father-in-law, saying: By the man whose these are, am I with child” (Genesis 38:25). The Gemara comments: And let her say to him explicitly that she was impregnated by him. Rav Zutra bar Tuviyya says that Rav says, and some say Rav Ḥana bar Bizna says that Rabbi Shimon Ḥasida says, and some say that Rabbi Yoḥanan says in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai: It is more amenable for a person to throw himself into a fiery furnace if faced with the choice of publicly embarrassing another or remaining silent even if it leads to being burned, and not humiliate another in public. From where do we derive this? From Tamar, as she was prepared to be burned if Judah did not confess, rather than humiliate him in public. The verse continues: “And she said: Discern, please, whose are these, the signet, and the cords, and the staff” (Genesis 38:25). Rabbi Ḥama, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, says: With use of the word discern Judah informed his father that Joseph was lost, and also with use of the word discern they informed Judah about the signs. The Gemara explains: With the word discern he informed Jacob his father when he brought him the coat of Joseph and said to his father: “And they sent the coat of many colors, and they brought it to their father; and said: This have we found. Discern now whether it is your son’s coat or not” (Genesis 37:32). With the word discern they informed him: “And she said: Discern, please, whose are these.” It states: “Discern, please [na].” The word na is nothing other than a language of request. The Gemara explains: She said to him: I request of you: Discern the image of your Creator in every person, and do not avert your eyes from me.

3. The Complexities of Language (And People)

וַתֹּאמֶר. אָמְרָה לְאוֹתוֹ שֶׁשָּׁלְחָה אֶל חָמִיהָ שֶׁיֹּאמַר לִיהוּדָה הַכֶּר־נָא. בִּברֵאשִׁית רַבָּה (פה) תּוֹרָה מְשַׂחֶקֶת עַל הַבְּרִיּוֹת, אָמְרָה לִיהוּדָה: אַתָּה אָמַרְתָּ לְאָבִיךָ ״הַכֶּר־נָא״ (בראשית לז:לב), חַיֶּיךָ שֶׁתֹּאמַר תָּמָר הַכֶּר־נָא.

ותאמר, this she said to the messenger she sent to Yehudah with the pledges that he had given her. הכר נא, Bereshit Rabbah 85,11 notes how the Torah “plays” with people. She hinted to Yehudah that he had used the same words to deceive his father into believing that Joseph had been devoured by a wild animal. Now it was his turn to be deceived. The punishment matches the crime. (37,32) The Torah, knowing what was to happen in the future, smiled to itself thinking: “wait until you will be deceived by these same words.”

  • Robert Alter, The Art of Biblical Narrative, 22: "The biblical tale, through the most rigorous economy of means, leads us, again and again, to ponder the complexities of motive and ambiguities of character because they are essential aspects of its vision of humankind, created by God, enjoying or suffering all of the consequences of human freedom….Almost the whole range of biblical narrative, however, embodies the basic perception that humanity must live before God, in the transforming medium of time, incessantly and perplexingly in relation with others…"