Left Behind and the Polemics of Redemption
Parshat Beshalach - A single word in the Exodus narrative—וַחֲמֻשִׁים (chamushim)—opens a fault line in rabbinic interpretation.
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רָשָׁע מָה הוּא אוֹמֵר? מָה הָעֲבוֹדָה הַזּאֹת לָכֶם. לָכֶם – וְלֹא לוֹ. וּלְפִי שֶׁהוֹצִיא אֶת עַצְמוֹ מִן הַכְּלָל כָּפַר בְּעִקָּר. וְאַף אַתָּה הַקְהֵה אֶת שִׁנָּיו וֶאֱמוֹר לוֹ: "בַּעֲבוּר זֶה עָשָׂה יהוה לִי בְּצֵאתִי מִמִּצְרָיִם". לִי וְלֹא־לוֹ. אִלּוּ הָיָה שָׁם, לֹא הָיָה נִגְאָל:

The
WICKED SON
what does he say?
“What is this service to you?”
“To you,” he says, not to him.
When he sets himself apart from the community,
he denies the very core of our beliefs.
And you must set his teeth on edge and tell him,
“Because of this
the LORD acted for me when I came out of Egypt.”
“For me,” and not for him;
had he been there he would not have been redeemed.

(יח) וַיַּסֵּ֨ב אֱלֹהִ֧ים ׀ אֶת־הָעָ֛ם דֶּ֥רֶךְ הַמִּדְבָּ֖ר יַם־ס֑וּף וַחֲמֻשִׁ֛ים עָל֥וּ בְנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵאֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃

(18) So God led the people round about, by way of the wilderness at the Sea of Reeds.
Now the Israelites went up armed out of the land of Egypt.

(ג)וחמשים. אֵין חֲמוּשִׁים אֶלָּא מְזֻיָּנִים; (לְפִי שֶׁהֱסִבָּן בַּמִּדְבָּר הוּא גָּרַם לָהֶם שֶׁעָלוּ חֲמוּשִׁים, שֶׁאִלּוּ הֱסִבָּן דֶּרֶךְ יִשּׁוּב, לֹא הָיוּ מְחֻמָּשִׁים לָהֶם כָּל מַה שֶּׁצְּרִיכִין, אֶלָּא כְּאָדָם שֶׁעוֹבֵר מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם וּבְדַעְתּוֹ לִקְנוֹת שָׁם מַה שֶּׁיִּצְטָרֵךְ, אֲבָל כְּשֶׁהוּא פּוֹרֵשׁ לַמִּדְבָּר צָרִיךְ לְזַמֵּן לוֹ כָּל הַצֹּרֶךְ; וּמִקְרָא זֶה לֹא נִכְתַּב כִּי אִם לְשַׂבֵּר אֶת הָאֹזֶן, שֶׁלֹּא תִתְמַהּ בְּמִלְחֶמֶת עֲמָלֵק וּבְמִלְחֶמֶת סִיחוֹן וְעוֹג וּמִדְיָן מֵהֵיכָן הָיוּ לָהֶם כְּלֵי זַיִן שֶׁהִכּוּ אוֹתָם בַּחֶרֶב) וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר "וְאַתֶּם תַּעַבְרוּ חֲמֻשִׁים" (יהושע א'), וְכֵן תִּרְגְּמוֹ אֻנְקְלוֹס "מְזָרְזִין", כְּמוֹ "וַיָּרֶק אֶת חֲנִיכָיו" (בראשית י"ד) – וְזָרֵיז.

דָּבָר אַחֵר, חֲמֻשִׁים אֶחָד מֵחֲמִשָּׁה יָצְאוּ וְאַרְבָּעָה חֲלָקִים מֵתוּ בִּשְׁלֹשֶׁת יְמֵי אֲפֵלָה (מכילתא):

(3) וחמשים — The word חמשים means provided with weapons (Mekhilta). — [Because He led them by a circuitous route through the wilderness He brought it about that they went up from Egypt well-provided; for had He led them circuitously by the route of an inhabited district they would not have provided for themselves every thing that they needed, but only a part, like a person who is travelling from place to place and intends to purchase there whatever he will require. But if he were setting out for the wilderness he must provide all that he will require. — This verse (statement in the verse) is written only with the view of making the ear understand (preparing you for a later statement) viz., that you should not wonder with regard to the war with Amalek and the war with Sihon and Og and Midian where they obtained weapons, since they smote them with the sword]. In a similar sense it says, (Joshua 1:14) “and ye shall pass over armed (חמשים)”. Onkelos, too, translated it by מזרזין which signifies “armed” in Aramaic, just as he translates the word וירק in (Genesis 14:14) וירק את חניכיו which means, “And he armed his trained servants” by וזריז.

Another explanation of חמשים is: only one out of five (חמשה) went forth from Egypt, and four parts of the people died during the three days of darkness because they were unworthy of being delivered (Mekhilta; cf. Rashi on 10:22).

(ב)ויהי חשך אפלה: שלשת ימים. ..וְלָמָּה הֵבִיא עֲלֵיהֶם חֹשֶׁךְ? שֶׁהָיוּ בְיִשְׂרָאֵל בְּאוֹתוֹ הַדּוֹר רְשָׁעִים וְלֹא הָיוּ רוֹצִים לָצֵאת, וּמֵתוּ בִשְׁלוֹשֶׁת יְמֵי אֲפֵלָה, כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִרְאוּ מִצְרִיִּים בְּמַפַּלְתָּם וְיֹאמְרוּ, אַף הֵם לוֹקִים כָּמוֹנוּ. וְעוֹד, שֶׁחִפְּשׂוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל וְרָאוּ אֶת כְּלֵיהֶם, וּכְשֶׁיָּצְאוּ וְהָיוּ שׁוֹאֲלִים מֵהֶן וְהָיוּ אוֹמְרִים אֵין בְּיָדֵנוּ כְלוּם, אוֹמֵר לוֹ, אֲנִי רְאִיתִיו בְּבֵיתְךָ, וּבְמָקוֹם פְּלוֹנִי הוּא (שמות רבה):

(2) ויהי חשך אפלה … שלשת ימים — ...

And why did He bring darkness upon them? Because there were wicked people amongst the Israelites of that generation who had no desire to leave Egypt, and these died during the three days of darkness so that the Egyptians might not see their destruction and say, “These, (the Israelites) too have been stricken as we have”. And a further reason is that the Israelites searched (the darkness came just in order that they might do this) and saw their (the Egyptians’) jewels, and when they were leaving Egypt and asked them for their jewels, and they replied, “We have none at all in our possession”, they answered them, “I have seen it in your house and it is in such and such a place” (cf. Midrash Tanchuma, Bo 1; Exodus Rabbah 14:3).

Was there a fifth child? The late Lubavitcher Rebbe suggested that there is a fifth child on Pesaḥ. The four children of the Haggada are all present, sitting around the table. The fifth child is the one who is not there, the child lost through outmarriage and assimilation. Rabbinic tradition tells us that in Egypt, many Jews assimilated and did not want to leave. The Torah uses a phrase to describe the Israelites’ departure from Egypt, Vaḥamushim alu Benei Yisrael miMitzrayim (Ex. 13:18). This is normally translated as “The Israelites went up out of Egypt armed for battle.” However, Rashi, citing earlier authorities, suggests that ḥamush may not mean “armed.” Instead it may be related to the word ḥamesh, “five.” The sentence could therefore be translated as “Only a fifth of the Israelites left Egypt.”

(יח) וּדְבַר מֵימְרָא דַיְיָ יַת עַמָּא אוֹרַח מַדְבְּרָא יַמָא דְסוּף מְזַיְינִין בְּעוֹבָדָא טָבָא סְלִיקוּ בְנֵי יִשְרָאֵל פְּרִיקִין מֵאַרְעָא דְמִצְרַיִם:

(18) And the Word of the Lord conducted the people by the way of the desert of the sea of Suph; armed in good works went up the sons of Israel, free from the land of Mizraim.

Ezekiel (“Yechezkel”) is the seventh book of the Prophets. Speaking from Babylonian exile during the First Temple’s destruction, Ezekiel often symbolically performs prophecies, like binding himself with cord to emphasize Israel’s stubbornness and shaving his hair to symbolize impending doom. Among other topics, he focuses on religious life in the absence of a Temple and personal responsibility for actions. The book ends with a detailed description of a future Temple.

(ה) וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ אֲלֵיהֶ֗ם כֹּה־אָמַר֮ אדני יהוה בְּיוֹם֙ בׇּחֳרִ֣י בְיִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וָאֶשָּׂ֣א יָדִ֗י לְזֶ֙רַע֙ בֵּ֣ית יַעֲקֹ֔ב וָאִוָּדַ֥ע לָהֶ֖ם בְּאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם וָאֶשָּׂ֨א יָדִ֤י לָהֶם֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר אֲנִ֖י יהוה אֱלֹהֵיכֶֽם׃ (ו) בַּיּ֣וֹם הַה֗וּא נָשָׂ֤אתִי יָדִי֙ לָהֶ֔ם לְהוֹצִיאָ֖ם מֵאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם אֶל־אֶ֜רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־תַּ֣רְתִּי לָהֶ֗ם זָבַ֤ת חָלָב֙ וּדְבַ֔שׁ צְבִ֥י הִ֖יא לְכׇל־הָאֲרָצֽוֹת׃ (ז) וָאֹמַ֣ר אֲלֵהֶ֗ם אִ֣ישׁ שִׁקּוּצֵ֤י עֵינָיו֙ הַשְׁלִ֔יכוּ וּבְגִלּוּלֵ֥י מִצְרַ֖יִם אַל־תִּטַּמָּ֑אוּ אֲנִ֖י יהוה אֱלֹהֵיכֶֽם׃ (ח) וַיַּמְרוּ־בִ֗י וְלֹ֤א אָבוּ֙ לִשְׁמֹ֣עַ אֵלַ֔י אִ֣ישׁ אֶת־שִׁקּוּצֵ֤י עֵֽינֵיהֶם֙ לֹ֣א הִשְׁלִ֔יכוּ וְאֶת־גִּלּוּלֵ֥י מִצְרַ֖יִם לֹ֣א עָזָ֑בוּ וָאֹמַ֞ר לִשְׁפֹּ֧ךְ חֲמָתִ֣י עֲלֵיהֶ֗ם לְכַלּ֤וֹת אַפִּי֙ בָּהֶ֔ם בְּת֖וֹךְ אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃ (ט)וָאַ֙עַשׂ֙ לְמַ֣עַן שְׁמִ֔י לְבִלְתִּ֥י הֵחֵ֛ל לְעֵינֵ֥י הַגּוֹיִ֖ם אֲשֶׁר־הֵ֣מָּה בְתוֹכָ֑ם אֲשֶׁ֨ר נוֹדַ֤עְתִּי אֲלֵיהֶם֙ לְעֵ֣ינֵיהֶ֔ם לְהוֹצִיאָ֖ם מֵאֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃ (י) וָאוֹצִיאֵ֖ם מֵאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם וָאֲבִאֵ֖ם אֶל־הַמִּדְבָּֽר׃

(5) Say to them: Thus said the Sovereign GOD:
On the day that I chose Israel, I gave My oath to the stock of the House of Jacob; when I made Myself known to them in the land of Egypt, I gave my oath to them. When I said, “I the ETERNAL am your God,” (6) that same day I swore to them to take them out of the land of Egypt into a land flowing with milk and honey, a land that I had sought out for them, the fairest of all lands. (7) I also said to them: Cast away, every one of you, the detestable things that you are drawn to, and do not defile yourselves with the fetishes of Egypt—I the ETERNAL am your God. (8)But they defied Me and refused to listen to Me. They did not cast away the detestable things they were drawn to, nor did they give up the fetishes of Egypt. Then I resolved to pour out My fury upon them, to vent all My anger upon them there, in the land of Egypt. (9)But I acted for the sake of My name, that it might not be profaned in the sight of the nations among whom they were. For it was before their eyes that I had made Myself known to Israel to bring them out of the land of Egypt. (10) I brought them out of the land of Egypt and I led them into the wilderness.

(ד) וְכׇל־הַנִּשְׁאָ֗ר מִֽכׇּל־הַמְּקֹמוֹת֮ אֲשֶׁ֣ר ה֣וּא גָֽר־שָׁם֒ יְנַשְּׂא֙וּהוּ֙ אַנְשֵׁ֣י מְקֹמ֔וֹ בְּכֶ֥סֶף וּבְזָהָ֖ב וּבִרְכ֣וּשׁ וּבִבְהֵמָ֑ה עִ֨ם־הַנְּדָבָ֔ה לְבֵ֥ית הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר בִּירוּשָׁלָֽ͏ִם׃ (ה) וַיָּק֜וּמוּ רָאשֵׁ֣י הָאָב֗וֹת לִֽיהוּדָה֙ וּבִנְיָמִ֔ן וְהַכֹּהֲנִ֖ים וְהַלְוִיִּ֑ם לְכֹ֨ל הֵעִ֤יר הָאֱלֹהִים֙ אֶת־רוּח֔וֹ לַעֲל֣וֹת לִבְנ֔וֹת אֶת־בֵּ֥ית יהוה אֲשֶׁ֥ר בִּירוּשָׁלָֽ͏ִם׃ (ו) וְכׇל־סְבִיבֹֽתֵיהֶם֙ חִזְּק֣וּ בִֽידֵיהֶ֔ם בִּכְלֵי־כֶ֧סֶף בַּזָּהָ֛ב בָּרְכ֥וּשׁ וּבַבְּהֵמָ֖ה וּבַמִּגְדָּנ֑וֹת לְבַ֖ד עַל־כׇּל־הִתְנַדֵּֽב׃ {פ}

(4) and all who stay behind, wherever that may be, let the people of that place render assistance with silver, gold, goods, and livestock, besides the freewill offering to the House of God that is in Jerusalem.” (5) So the heads of the clans of Judah and Benjamin, and the priests and Levites, all whose spirit had been roused by God, got ready to go up to build the House of GOD that is in Jerusalem. (6) All their neighbors supported them with silver vessels, with gold, with goods, with livestock, and with precious objects, besides what had been given as a freewill offering.

(סד) כׇּל־הַקָּהָ֖ל כְּאֶחָ֑ד אַרְבַּ֣ע רִבּ֔וֹא אַלְפַּ֖יִם שְׁלֹשׁ־מֵא֥וֹת שִׁשִּֽׁים׃

(64) The sum of the entire community was 42,360,

(לד) א֣וֹ ׀ הֲנִסָּ֣ה אֱלֹהִ֗ים לָ֠ב֠וֹא לָקַ֨חַת ל֣וֹ גוֹי֮ מִקֶּ֣רֶב גּוֹי֒ בְּמַסֹּת֩ בְּאֹתֹ֨ת וּבְמוֹפְתִ֜ים וּבְמִלְחָמָ֗ה וּבְיָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ וּבִזְר֣וֹעַ נְטוּיָ֔ה וּבְמוֹרָאִ֖ים גְּדֹלִ֑ים כְּ֠כֹ֠ל אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂ֨ה לָכֶ֜ם יהוה אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֛ם בְּמִצְרַ֖יִם לְעֵינֶֽיךָ׃

(34) Or has any deity ventured to go and take one nation from the midst of another by prodigious acts, by signs and portents, by war, by a mighty hand and an outstretched arm and awesome power, as the ETERNAL your God did for you in Egypt before your very eyes?

(דברים ג לד) ... רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בְּרַבִּי נַחְמָן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בֶּן פַּזִּי, גוֹי מִקֶּרֶב גּוֹי, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהָיוּ אֵלּוּ עֲרֵלִים וְאֵלּוּ עֲרֵלִים, אִלּוּ מְגַדְּלֵי בְּלוֹרִיּוֹת וְאֵלּוּ מְגַדְּלֵי בְּלוֹרִיּוֹת. אִם כֵּן לֹא הָיְתָה מִדַּת הַדִּין נוֹתֶנֶת שֶׁיִּגָּאֲלוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרַיִם לְעוֹלָם. אֲמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן אִלּוּלֵא שֶׁאָסַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עַצְמוֹ בִּשְׁבוּעָה לֹא הָיוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל נִגְאָלִין מִמִּצְרַיִם לְעוֹלָם, וּמַה טַּעַם, דִּכְתִיב "לָכֵן אֱמֹר לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲנִי יהוה" וְגוֹ', וְאֵין "לָכֵן" אֶלָּא שְׁבוּעָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל א ג, יא) "לָכֵן נִשְׁבַּעְתִּי לְבֵית עֵלִי". אֲמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה, "גָּאַלְתָּ בִּזְרוֹעַ עַמֶּךָ", בִּטְרוּנְיָא, אֲמַר רַבִּי יוּדָן, מִלָּבוֹא לָקַחַת לוֹ גוֹי מִקֶּרֶב גּוֹי עַד וּבְמוֹרָאִים גְּדֹלִים שִׁבְעִים וּשְׁתַּיִם אוֹתִיּוֹת הֵן, וְאִם יֹאמַר לְךָ אָדָם שִׁבְעִים וְחָמֵשׁ הֵן אֱמֹר לוֹ צֵא מֵהֶן גּוֹי שֵׁנִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִן הַמִּנְיָן. אֲמַר רַבִּי אָבִין בִּשְׁמוֹ גְאָלָן, שֶׁשְּׁמוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שִׁבְעִים וּשְׁתַּיִם אוֹתִיּוֹת.

(Deuteronomy 4:34)

Rabbi Yehoshua son of Rabbi Naḥman said in the name of Rabbi Yehudah ben Pazzi:

“A nation from the midst of a nation” teaches that these were uncircumcised and those were uncircumcised; these grew long hair and those grew long hair.

If so, the attribute of strict justice would never have allowed Israel to be redeemed from Egypt.

Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said:

Had the Holy One, blessed be He, not bound Himself by an oath, Israel would never have been redeemed from Egypt.

And what is the reason? As it is written:

“Therefore, say to the children of Israel: I am the LORD…”

And the word “therefore” (לָכֵן) signifies an oath, as it is said:

“Therefore I have sworn to the house of Eli” (I Samuel 3:14).

Rabbi Berekhiah said:

“You redeemed Your people with Your arm” — as an act of divine force.

Rabbi Yudan said:

From “to come and take for Himself a nation from the midst of a nation” until “and with great terrors” there are seventy-two letters.

And if someone tells you there are seventy-five, say to him:

Remove the second occurrence of the word “nation,” which is not counted.

Rabbi Avin said in His name:

The name of the Holy One, blessed be He, consists of seventy-two letters.

וַיַּרְא אֱלֹהִים אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, כְּמָה דְּתֵימָא (שמות ג, ז): רָאֹה רָאִיתִי אֶת עֳנִי עַמִּי. וַיֵּדַע אֱלֹהִים (שמות ג, ז): כִּי יָדַעְתִּי אֶת מַכְאֹבָיו. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַיַּרְא אֱלֹהִים, שֶׁלֹא הָיָה בְּיָדָם מַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים שֶׁיִּגָּאֲלוּ בִּשְׁבִילָם

“God saw the children of Israel, and God knew” (Exodus 2:25).
“God saw the children of Israel,” as it is stated: “I have seen the affliction of My people” (Exodus 3:7). “And God knew” (Exodus 2:25); “as I know its pains” (Exodus 3:7).
Alternatively, “God saw” that they did not have good deeds for which their redemption would be warranted.

והנה
לנו להודיע המקום כאן אין לכאורה יצא,
שכתוב בא בפרשת אם כי יצאו, מהם כמה
אלף מאות כשש סוכתה מרעמסס ויסעו שם
רגלי
חלק שרק וחמושים, לכתוב צריך היה שם
רק כשמדבר כאן אבל יצאו, מחמשה אחד
את מזכיר ואינו יציאתם, וסדר אופן על
המקום כ״כ כאן אין לכאורה מספרם,
יצאו. מהם חלקים כמה להודיע
בזה לפרסם ג״כ היא התורה שכוונת אלא,
ילדי עם שעשו וחסדם, ישראל בני צדקת את
העולם שמדרך והוא, במצרים, שמתו אחיהם
ובני ילדיהם עם לטייל הולכת כשמשפחה
עמהם לוקחים שהוא, מקום לאיזה ביתם
יתום ילד איזה הרחמנות מצד לפעמים
הזה, הילד לב את גם לשמח כדי ועזוב,
מבלי רחוקה, בדרך במדבר כשהולכים אולם
לקחת יתרצו לא אז הולכים, לאן ידיעה שום
בילדיהם הטיפול להם די כי זר, ילד עמהם
לנו הודיעה כאן אולם משפחתם, ובבני הם
ויסב - ישראל של וצדקתם חסדם התורה
היינו סוף, ים המדבר דרך העם את אלהים
נודעה לא דרך במדבר, מאד רחוקה דרך
בני עלו וחמושים ואעפ״ב, זרועה, לא ובארץ
יצאו מחמשה אחד חלק שרק היינו ישראל,
ילדיהם נשארו וממילא במצרים, מתו והשאר
היוצא, העם לחלק שנצטרפו קטנים יתומים
עם היוצאים אלו שעשו גדול חסד אמנם וזהו
ב״ע, יונתן שתרגם וזהו אחיהם, ילדי
כאן התורה לנו שהודיעה במה שהעיקר
של וחסדם צדקתם להודיע הוא ״וחמושים״,
המשא עמו לקח מהם אחד שכל ישראל
חלק ילדים, של חלקים חמשה היינו טפלא
אחד
לנו מספרת כשהתורה - כאן באמת ולכן
המקום הוא - סוף ים המדבר דרך שהלכו
מפני יצאו, מחמשה אחד שרק לנו להודיע
שעשו הגדול חסדם יודעים אנו שמזה
וזוהי טפלא; המשא אתו כ״א בלקחם ישראל
שכתב, ירושלמי התרגום של הכוונה ג״כ
מארעא בנ״י סליקו טבא בעובדא מזיינין
שעשו והחסד טובים המעשים היינו דמצרים,
במדבר טפלא, המשא כ״א עמהם בהוליכם
והנורא. הגדול
At first glance, there is no need for this verse at all, since it is already written in Parashat Bo that when Israel went out, about six hundred thousand on foot journeyed from Ramses.
If the Torah merely wished to inform us that only one part out of five went out, it should have written so there, at the moment of the Exodus itself.
Why then does it mention it here, and without explicitly stating their number?
Rather, the Torah’s intention here is not to publicize the calculation, but to publicize the righteousness and kindness of the Children of Israel.
For the way of the world is otherwise:
when families travel, especially on a long and dangerous road through the wilderness, each family takes only its own children.
A person does not usually take with him a foreign child, an orphan, or someone else’s dependent.
Sometimes a person may have compassion on an orphaned child and bring him into his home, but to take such a child along on a distant journey through an unknown desert—this people do not do.
Yet the Torah tells us here that Israel went up “chamushim.”
That is, only one-fifth left Egypt, while the remaining four-fifths died there.
Consequently, their children remained behind as orphans in Egypt.
Nevertheless, those who went out did not abandon them.
They joined these orphaned children to the departing people and took them along.
This was an act of great kindness.
And this is what the Torah comes to teach us here:
the essence of the word “chamushim” is not the fraction,
but the righteousness and kindness of Israel—
that each person bore a burden not his own.
This is why the Torah tells the story here, at the end, when God led the people by the way of the wilderness toward the Sea, a route that was very long and frightening.
Precisely then does Scripture teach us that although only one-fifth went out, they went out with the children of their brothers.
This is the “additional teaching” (טפלא):
each Israelite carried with him the burden of children, not his own.
This also explains the intent of the Jerusalem Targum, which translates:
“The Children of Israel went up from Egypt, adorned with good deeds.”
The “arming” (מזיינין) mentioned there does not refer to weapons,
but to good deeds and acts of kindness—
namely, that each person carried this burden together with them into the wilderness,
an awesome and fearful journey. Rabbi Yosef Zvi Salant, Be’er Yosef, 5769, pp. 234-235. See: What’s the Truth About…The Jews in Egypt Keeping Their Jewish Names, Language and Dress Rabbi Dr. Ari Zivotofsky

(ה) רַב הוּנָא אָמַר בְּשֵׁם בַּר קַפָּרָא בִּשְׁבִיל אַרְבָּעָה דְּבָרִים נִגְאֲלוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִצְרַיִם, שֶׁלֹּא שִׁנּוּ אֶת שְׁמָם וְאֶת לְשׁוֹנָם וְלֹא אָמְרוּ לָשׁוֹן הָרָע, וְלֹא נִמְצָא בֵּינֵיהֶם אֶחָד מֵהֶן פָּרוּץ בְּעֶרְוָה. לֹא שִׁנּוּ אֶת שְׁמָן רְאוּבֵן וְשִׁמְעוֹן נָחֲתִין, רְאוּבֵן וְשִׁמְעוֹן סָלְקִין, לֹא הָיוּ קוֹרִין לִיהוּדָה רוּפָּא וְלֹא לִרְאוּבֵן לוּלְיָאנִי וְלֹא לְיוֹסֵף לֵיסְטֵיס וְלֹא לְבִנְיָמִין אֲלֶכְּסַנְדְּרִי. לֹא שִׁנּוּ אֶת לְשׁוֹנָם, לְהַלָּן כְּתִיב (בראשית יד, יג): וַיָּבֹא הַפָּלִיט וַיַּגֵּד לְאַבְרָהָם הָעִבְרִי, וְכָאן (שמות ה, ג): וַיֹּאמְרוּ אֱלֹהֵי הָעִבְרִים נִקְרָא עָלֵינוּ, וּכְתִיב (בראשית מה, יב): כִּי פִי הַמְדַבֵּר אֲלֵיכֶם, בְּלָשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ. וְלֹא אָמְרוּ לָשׁוֹן הָרָע, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות יא, ב): דַּבֶּר נָא בְּאָזְנֵי הָעָם, אַתָּה מוֹצֵא שֶׁהָיָה הַדָּבָר מוּפְקָד אֶצְלָן כָּל שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ וְלֹא הִלְשִׁין אֶחָד עַל חֲבֵירוֹ. וְלֹא נִמְצָא אֶחָד מֵהֶם פָּרוּץ בְּעֶרְוָה, תֵּדַע לְךָ שֶׁהָיָה כֵּן אַחַת הָיְתָה וּפִרְסְמָהּ הַכָּתוּב, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כד, יא): וְשֵׁם אִמּוֹ שְׁלֹמִית בַּת דִּבְרִי לְמַטֵּה דָן, שְׁלֹמִית, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי דַּהֲוַת פַּטָּטָא בִּשְׁלָמָא, שְׁלָם לָךְ שְׁלָם לְכוֹן. בַּת דִּבְרִי, אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק שֶׁהֵבִיאָה דֶּבֶר עַל בְּנָהּ. לְמַטֵּה דָן, גְּנַאי לְאִמּוֹ, גְּנַאי לוֹ, גְּנַאי לְמִשְׁפַּחְתּוֹ, גְּנַאי לְשִׁבְטוֹ שֶׁיָּצָא מִמֶּנּוּ.

(5) Rav Huna said in the name of bar Kappara: Due to four matters, Israel was redeemed from Egypt: Because they did not change their name, their language, they did not speak slander, and there was not one among them who was found to be steeped in licentiousness. They did not change their name; Reuben and Simeon descended [to Egypt], and Reuben and Simeon ascended. They did not call Judah Rupa, nor Reuben Luleyani, nor Joseph Leisteis, and nor Benjamin Alexandri.
They did not change their language. There it is written: “The survivor came and told Abram the Hebrew” (Genesis 14:13), and here: “They said: The God of the Hebrews called upon us” (Exodus 5:3); and it is written: “That it is my mouth that is speaking to you” (Genesis 45:12) – in the sacred tongue.
They did not speak slander, as it is stated: “Speak now in the ears of the people, [and they shall ask each man from his neighbor and each woman from her neighbor, silver vessels and gold vessels]” (Exodus 11:2). You find that this matter had been entrusted to them for twelve months, and not one of them informed on another.
And there was not one among them who was found to be steeped in licentiousness. Know that it was so, as there was one, and the verse publicized her, as it is stated: “And the name of his mother was Shelomit, daughter of Divri, of the tribe of Dan” (Leviticus 24:11). “Shelomit” – as Rabbi Levi said: She was very talkative in greetings: Greetings to you, greetings to you. “Daughter of Divri” – that she caused a matter [davar] to befall her son. “Of the tribe of Dan” – it is a disgrace for him, a disgrace for his family, a disgrace for the tribe from which he emerged.

The earliest mention of the triad of merits practiced by the Jews in Egypt (preserving their names, language, and mode of dress) appears to have been made en passant by Eliyahu Levita, also known as Eliah Bachur (1469-1549).10 In the first page of his introduction to his Sefer Meturgeman, in the course of discussing the history of language (and not in the context of discussing by what merit the Jews were redeemed from Egypt), he wrote that Chazal said there were three things the Jews in Egypt did not change: their names, dress and language. The source for his statement is unknown, and the scholar Solomon Buber (d. 1906) asserted (commentary to Pesikta D’Rav Kahana [1868], Beshalach, 83b, note 66) that the common saying that the Jews did not change their clothing is not found anywhere and that Bachur erred in his quote.11
The triad is not referred to again until the early nineteenth century,12 when it re-emerged with renewed significance during that century’s battle against the Reform movement. Perhaps the most important purveyor of this “new” midrash was Rabbi Moshe Sofer (Chatam Sofer; d. 1839), who, in a derashah on 7 Tevet 5574 [1813] (Chatam Sofer, Derashot, vol. 1, 5689, p. 82a), said that it was in the merit of these three traits that the Jews were redeemed from Egypt; he then expounded on how not adhering to them leads to assimilation. He returned to this theme in several later instances and famously included in his ethical will that his descendants should be careful in these three areas. He referred to the triad of shem (name), lashon (language) and malbush (dress) by the acronym shalem (whole), referring to Yaakov who survived “shalem” from his encounter with the foreign culture of Lavan (Bereishit 33:18).
The significance of the triad was further popularized by Rabbi Akiva Yosef Schlesinger (1837-1922), a firebrand follower of the Chatam Sofer, in his Lev Ha’ivri, a lengthy commentary on the Chatam Sofer’s ethical will. Following his explication of these three points, he concluded (p. 76, 1990 ed.) that being strict about them will preserve the Jewish people until Mashiach comes. See: What’s the Truth About…The Jews in Egypt Keeping Their Jewish Names, Language and Dress Rabbi Dr. Ari Zivotofsky
In a strange twist, Rabbi Yekutiel Yehudah Halberstam (the Sanz-Klausenburg Rebbe, 1905-1994; Divrei Yatziv, YD:52), writing in New Jersey in 1977 and quoting the Chatam Sofer, uses our opening midrash to emphatically insist that one speak only Yiddish and not the local language or Hebrew. He argues that the unique Jewish languages that the Jews created in the various exiles, which were a deliberate corruption of the local language [e.g., Yiddish, Ladino, Judeo-Arabic, Judeo-Malayalam, Judeo-Tat, et cetera], are the true Jewish languages that should be preserved. Minhag Yisrael Torah (OC:1, p. 202) quotes a curious suggestion that even in Egypt, the language they did not change was the Jewish-corrupted form of Egyptian! (see Zivotosfsky above